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Labeling messages as AI-generated does not reduce their persuasive effects.

Isabel O Gallegos1,2, Chen Shani1, Weiyan Shi3

  • 1Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

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|February 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Authorship labels for AI-generated content enhance transparency but do not significantly alter persuasion or sharing intentions. Further strategies are needed to manage AI information

Keywords:
artificial intelligencelarge language modelslaw and technologypersuasionpublic policy

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Area of Science:

  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Communication Studies
  • Public Policy

Background:

  • Generative AI facilitates rapid information creation and spread.
  • Understanding public perception of AI-generated content is crucial.
  • Policy proposals suggest labeling AI content to boost transparency and critical thinking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally test the effects of authorship labels on AI-generated messages.
  • To evaluate label impact on persuasion, accuracy judgments, and sharing intentions.
  • To assess label effectiveness across diverse participant demographics.

Main Methods:

  • A survey experiment with 1,601 diverse American participants.
  • Random assignment to conditions: AI label, human label, or no label.
  • Presentation of an AI-generated policy message with varying authorship attribution.

Main Results:

  • AI-generated messages were persuasive, shifting views by an average of 9.74 percentage points.
  • Authorship labels were widely believed (92.0%) but did not significantly affect attitude change, accuracy judgments, or sharing intentions.
  • Label effects were consistent across participant characteristics like prior AI experience and political affiliation.

Conclusions:

  • Authorship labels increase transparency regarding AI-generated content.
  • Current labels are unlikely to significantly impact the persuasiveness of AI content.
  • Alternative strategies are necessary to address the challenges of AI-generated information.