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Related Concept Videos

Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER01:27

Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER

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A sizable fraction of proteins destined for ER are first synthesized in the cell cytosol and then transported across the ER membrane–a process called post-translational translocation. Similar to cotranslationally translocated proteins, these proteins also use the Sec translocon complex to enter the ER lumen.
Targeting proteins to the ER
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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
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Translation

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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
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A Fast and Quantitative Method for Post-translational Modification and Variant Enabled Mapping of Peptides to Genomes
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PTMOverlay: A Proteomic Tool to Visualize Post-Translational Modifications Across Evolution.

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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Researchers developed PTMOverlay, a tool to analyze conserved post-translational modifications (PTMs) in proteins across species. This aids in understanding essential cellular functions by analyzing mass spectrometry data for conserved modification sites.

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    Area of Science:

    • Proteomics
    • Bioinformatics
    • Evolutionary Biology

    Background:

    • Evolutionary conservation of post-translational modifications (PTMs) offers insights into fundamental cellular processes.
    • Mass spectrometry generates vast amounts of data for PTM identification and quantification, posing analytical challenges.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a computational tool for analyzing multiple PTMs across various species.
    • To address the bottleneck in analyzing large-scale mass spectrometry data for conserved PTMs.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed PTMOverlay, a novel protein sequence alignment tool.
    • Integrated peptide identification data with protein sequences for multiple species.
    • Analyzed PTM sites, including acetylation, phosphorylation, and various methylations, across 31 bacterial isolates.

    Main Results:

    • Identified conserved modification sites within bacterial central carbon metabolism.
    • Revealed potential interactions between methylated residues and phosphosites at the enolase homodimer interface.
    • Demonstrated PTMOverlay's capability to parse large datasets efficiently.

    Conclusions:

    • PTMOverlay facilitates informed selection of PTM sites for future functional studies.
    • The tool enhances the analysis of evolutionary conserved PTMs.
    • Conserved PTMs play crucial roles in essential cellular functions, particularly in bacterial metabolism.