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An Electrophysiology Protocol to Measure Reward Anticipation and Processing in Children
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Parsing Reward Processing Substages With Multimodal EEG-fMRI.

Ken J Lau1, Brian J Roach2, Samantha Abram1,3

  • 1Mental Health Services, Veterans Affairs San Francisco Healthcare System, San Francisco, California, USA.

Human Brain Mapping
|February 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study used multimodal imaging to map brain activity during reward anticipation and feedback. Findings reveal distinct neural networks for different reward processing stages, linking electrophysiology and fMRI signals.

Keywords:
frontal‐medial negativitymotivation and pleasurepositive valence systemreward anticipationreward feedback and consumption

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • Understanding reward neurocircuitry is crucial for neuroscience.
  • Previous studies often confound basic reward responses with higher-order cognitive and motor processes.
  • Multimodal imaging offers a way to precisely map reward processing stages.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To integrate electrophysiological (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data to investigate reward anticipation and consummatory substages.
  • To minimize cognitive and motor demands during reward processing tasks.
  • To reveal how temporally and spatially precise signals relate to functional network activity.

Main Methods:

  • Simultaneously recorded fMRI and EEG data from 52 adults during a simple slot machine task.
  • Utilized Joint Independent Component Analyses (jICAs) on EEG event-related potential (ERP) difference waveforms and fMRI contrast images.
  • Analyzed data specific to reward anticipation and outcome processing substages.

Main Results:

  • Joint independent components (JICs) successfully segregated reward processing substages, showing co-modulation between temporal ERP and spatial fMRI signals (p < 0.001).
  • Reward anticipation involved the stimulus preceding negativity (SPN) ERP component covarying with fMRI activation in pre-SMA/SMA and salience network regions.
  • Reward feedback involved the reward positivity (RewP) ERP component covarying with fMRI activation in dACC, ventral striatum, SMA, and inferior frontal cortex.

Conclusions:

  • Temporally precise electrophysiological and spatially rich hemodynamic measures converge to map specific reward processing substages.
  • EEG and fMRI signals during reward feedback demonstrate covariation of RewP with dACC-striatal networks.
  • SPN covaried with fMRI signals in pre-SMA/SMA and fronto-insular regions, implicating motor planning, salience, and attention in reward processing.