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Related Concept Videos

Communication01:03

Communication

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Communication between two animals occurs when one animal transmits an information signal that causes a change in the animal that receives the information. Organisms communicate with one another in a host of different ways. Signals can be auditory, chemical, visual, tactile, or a combination of these. Communication is a critical behavioral adaptation that promotes survival, growth, and reproduction.
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Communication01:28

Communication

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Sharing information, concepts, and emotions to foster mutual understanding is communication. The sender, recipient, and transaction must be considered in this manner. The sender is the person who shares the message, the recipient is the person who receives and understands the message, and the transaction is the method used to deliver the message and the variables that affect the communication's context and surroundings. The nurse-client connection is built on therapeutic communication.
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The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison02:57

The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison

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According to Charles Cooley, we base our image on what we think other people see (Cooley 1902). We imagine how we must appear to others, then react to this speculation. We don certain clothes, prepare our hair in a particular manner, wear makeup, use cologne, and the like—all with the notion that our presentation of ourselves is going to affect how others perceive us. We expect a certain reaction, and, if lucky, we get the one we desire and feel good about it. But more than that, Cooley...
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Reflection of Waves01:07

Reflection of Waves

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When a wave travels from one medium to another, it gets reflected at the boundary of the second medium. A common example of this is when a person yells at a distance from a cliff and hears the echo of their voice. The sound waves (longitudinal waves) traveling in the air are reflected from the bounding cliff. Similarly, flipping one end of a string whose other end is tied to a wall causes a pulse (transverse wave) to travel through the string, which gets reflected upon reaching the wall. In...
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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Neuronal Communication01:28

Neuronal Communication

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Neurons, the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, communicate through complex electrochemical signals that underpin all cognitive and bodily functions. This communication is primarily facilitated by a process involving the generation and propagation of an action potential along the axon of the neuron. When the internal electrical charge of a neuron surpasses a certain threshold, an action potential is triggered. This rapid change in voltage travels swiftly along the axon to the...
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Data Communication Based on MQTT in a Polymer Extrusion Process
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Differential Reflecting Frequency Modulation with QAM for RIS-Based Communications.

Yajun Fan1,2, Le Zhao1,2, Wencai Yan1,2

  • 1The Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing and Control (Henan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Differential Reflecting Frequency Modulation (DRFM) enhances wireless communication by jointly encoding data via reflecting patterns, carriers, and symbols without needing channel state information (CSI). A novel Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) scheme further boosts DRFM performance.

Keywords:
differential reflecting frequency modulationquadrature amplitude modulationreconfigurable intelligent surface

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Area of Science:

  • Wireless Communications
  • Signal Processing

Background:

  • Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-aided index modulation (IM) offers potential for next-generation wireless networks.
  • Acquiring channel state information (CSI) for RIS-based IM systems, especially multi-domain IM, leads to significant pilot overhead.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel Differential Reflecting Frequency Modulation (DRFM) system integrating orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with RIS-aided differential reflecting modulation (DRM).
  • To develop a CSI-free DRFM system that reduces pilot overhead and enhances communication efficiency.
  • To design and evaluate a high-rate Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) scheme for DRFM to improve throughput and performance.

Main Methods:

  • The DRFM system jointly encodes information bits through activation permutations of reflecting patterns, grouped carriers, and constellation symbols.
  • The transmitter utilizes the Kronecker product to combine differentially coded reflecting-time and time-frequency blocks.
  • A novel high-rate QAM scheme is designed for DRFM, offering improved data rates and error performance compared to traditional modulations.

Main Results:

  • The proposed DRFM system operates effectively without requiring CSI at the transmitter, RIS, or receiver, thereby eliminating pilot overhead.
  • The novel QAM scheme enhances DRFM's throughput and performance compared to PSK-based DRFM.
  • Simulation results demonstrate that QAM-aided DRFM outperforms traditional PSK, APSK, and star-QAM modulations at similar spectral efficiencies, with a minor SNR penalty.

Conclusions:

  • DRFM offers a promising CSI-free communication paradigm for RIS-aided systems, significantly reducing overhead.
  • The integration of OFDM and a novel QAM scheme advances DRFM capabilities, providing superior performance and spectral efficiency.
  • DRFM represents a viable and efficient solution for future wireless communication systems, particularly those employing RIS technology.