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Communication

Communication

Communication between two animals occurs when one animal transmits an information signal that causes a change in the animal that receives the information. Organisms communicate with one another in a host of different ways. Signals can be auditory, chemical, visual, tactile, or a combination of these. Communication is a critical behavioral adaptation that promotes survival, growth, and reproduction.

Communication

Communication

Sharing information, concepts, and emotions to foster mutual understanding is communication. The sender, recipient, and transaction must be considered in this manner. The sender is the person who shares the message, the recipient is the person who receives and understands the message, and the transaction is the method used to deliver the message and the variables that affect the communication's context and surroundings. The nurse-client connection is built on therapeutic communication.

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Interference: Path Lengths

Interference: Path Lengths

Consider two sources of sound, that may or may not be in phase, emitting waves at a single frequency, and consider the frequencies to be the same.
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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: 3D Scanning and Augmented Reality for Enhanced Cancer Surgery Communication

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Enhancing V2V Communication by Parsimoniously Leveraging V2N2V Path in Connected Vehicles.

Songmu Heo¹, Yoo-Seung Song², Seungmo Kang¹

¹Department of Computer Science and Engineering, College of Informatics, Korea University, Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|February 13, 2026

Summary

This study introduces a hybrid communication framework for connected vehicles, using Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and cellular networks to achieve reliable, low-latency video streaming for safety applications at reduced costs.

Keywords:

QoE V2N2V V2V communication cellular cost optimization connected vehicles hybrid multipath video streaming

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Area of Science:

Computer Science
Electrical Engineering
Transportation Systems

Background:

Connected vehicles utilize Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and cellular (Vehicle-to-Network-to-Vehicle or V2N2V) interfaces for real-time applications.
Achieving ultra-reliable communication with low latency for safety-critical vehicular applications is challenging due to cost and reliability constraints.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a cost-effective framework for ultra-reliable inter-vehicle video streaming that meets stringent Service Level Objectives (SLOs).
To address the limitations of V2V's imperfect reliability and V2N2V's high latency variability for safety applications like See-Through for Passing and Obstructed View Assist.

Main Methods:

Characterized V2V and V2N2V communication paths through urban Seoul environment measurements.
Proposed a hybrid framework using V2V as the primary path and V2N2V for selective retransmission of lost packets.
Implemented a dual loss detection mechanism using Real-Time Protocol (RTP) headers for efficient packet loss identification.

Main Results:

The hybrid framework achieved a 99.96% packet reception rate and 99.71% frame playback ratio, approaching lossless transmission.
Cellular utilization was maintained at 5.54%, a minimal increase over the V2V loss rate.
Demonstrated a 7x cost reduction compared to Packet Loss Rate (PLR) Switching and a 10x reduction in video stalls.

Conclusions:

Packet-level selective redundancy in a hybrid V2V and V2N2V approach enables cost-effective ultra-reliable V2X communication.
The proposed framework successfully meets stringent latency and reliability requirements for safety-critical vehicular applications.
This solution offers a scalable and efficient method for enhancing vehicular communication reliability while managing cellular costs.