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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

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Development and Validation of an Optical Sensor-Based Automated Urine Flow Meter for Real-Time Patient Monitoring.

Piyush Hota1,2,3,4, Adithya Shyamala Pandian2,3,4,5, Rodrigo E Domínguez3,4,6

  • 1School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Ira A. Fulton School of Engineering, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed an automated urine flow meter, the P-meter, for precise, real-time monitoring of urine output. This cost-effective device aids in the early detection of acute kidney injury (AKI) by tracking urine output before creatinine levels change.

Keywords:
acute kidney injuryautomated monitoringmedical device validationpoint-of-care diagnosticsurine flow meterurine output monitoring

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Nephrology
  • Medical Devices

Background:

  • Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication in hospitalized patients, with early detection hindered by delayed serum creatinine elevation.
  • Decreased urine output (UO) is an early indicator of AKI, but manual monitoring is unreliable and labor-intensive.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a cost-effective, automated device for precise, real-time urine output monitoring.
  • To improve early detection of AKI through enhanced UO monitoring.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a P-meter using non-contact optical sensors, a peristaltic pump, and microcontroller automation.
  • Validation of three prototypes (V1, V2, V3) against gold-standard gravimetric measurements over 285 hours in animal studies.
  • Iterative refinement focusing on miniaturization, fluid dynamics, and sensor positioning.

Main Results:

  • The optimized V3 P-meter prototype demonstrated high accuracy (R² = 0.9889, mean error -0.1 mL, 94.18% agreement).
  • The device showed improved precision, stability, and flow accuracy compared to earlier prototypes.
  • The P-meter offers accurate UO monitoring at a lower cost than existing commercial systems.

Conclusions:

  • The P-meter provides a reliable and cost-effective solution for real-time urine output monitoring.
  • This technology can facilitate earlier detection of AKI, potentially improving patient outcomes.
  • Automated UO monitoring represents a significant advancement in critical care and nephrology.