Drug-Induced Osteoporosis

The administration of various medications can induce bone loss as an adverse effect and may result in drug-induced osteoporosis, an important and clinically relevant form of secondary osteoporosis associated with an increased fracture risk. This review summarizes the skeletal effects of selected commonly used drugs with respect to bone metabolism, bone mineral density, and fracture outcomes. Medications may exert direct effects on osteoblasts and/or osteoclasts, leading to impaired bone remodeling and reduced bone mass. Alternatively, indirect mechanisms may contribute to skeletal damage, including disturbances in calcium and vitamin D metabolism with subsequent secondary hyperparathyroidism, as well as therapy-induced hypogonadism. Drug classes frequently associated with drug-induced osteoporosis during long-term use include glucocorticoids, aromatase inhibitors, androgen-deprivation therapy, thyroxine, proton pump inhibitors, anticoagulants (heparin and vitamin K antagonists), antidepressants, neuroleptics, and thiazolidinediones. Importantly, this overview represents a selection of relevant agents and does not aim to provide an exhaustive list. When prescribing potentially bone-damaging medications over extended periods, particularly in older individuals, bone health should be proactively considered. Evaluation should include laboratory assessment, fracture risk estimation (e.g., FRAX^®), and bone mineral density measurement when appropriate. Adequate calcium and vitamin D intake should be ensured, and guideline-based osteoporosis therapy initiated when indicated.