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Energy availability (EA) is crucial for athlete health and performance. Chronic low energy availability (LEA) impacts hormones, metabolism, and recovery, but accurate assessment remains challenging for athletes.

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Energy availability (EA) is the energy remaining after exercise energy expenditure (EEE).
  • Chronic insufficient EA leads to low energy availability (LEA), a key factor in Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the evolution of EA and LEA concepts.
  • To summarize physiological evidence on LEA.
  • To discuss challenges in assessing and applying EA/LEA in athletes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental and observational studies on LEA outcomes.
  • Evaluation of screening questionnaires (LEAF-Q, LEAM-Q) for validity and applicability.
  • Assessment of hormonal, metabolic, and behavioral indicators for LEA detection.

Main Results:

  • LEA is linked to hormonal changes (thyroid, reproductive), reduced metabolic rate, lower bone density, and impaired recovery.
  • Screening tools have variable accuracy; hormonal and metabolic biomarkers offer more direct detection.
  • Accurate measurement of dietary intake, EEE, and body composition in real-world settings is challenging.

Conclusions:

  • EA is vital for athlete health and performance, but assessment limitations hinder diagnosis.
  • Improved measurement techniques and integrated monitoring are necessary for early LEA detection.
  • Preventing REDs requires better identification strategies and individualized nutrition guidance.