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Rhythmic Mechanisms Governing CAM Photosynthesis in Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi: High-Resolution Temporal Transcriptomics.

Rongbin Hu1, Sara Jawdy1,2, Avinash Sreedasyam3

  • 1Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|February 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Light/dark cycles heavily influence gene expression in Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants, overriding the internal circadian clock. This study reveals key regulatory networks controlling CAM

Keywords:
circadian clockcrassulacean acid metabolismdrought stressgene expressionphotosynthesisstomatal movementwater-use efficiency

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a photosynthetic pathway optimizing water use efficiency.
  • CAM temporally separates CO2 uptake and carbon fixation, crucial for arid environments.
  • Understanding CAM's temporal regulation is key to improving crop resilience.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the regulatory mechanisms coordinating temporal dynamics in CAM.
  • To differentiate the roles of external light cues versus the internal circadian clock in CAM gene expression.
  • To identify key regulatory genes and networks controlling CAM.

Main Methods:

  • High-resolution 48-hour time-course transcriptomes of *Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi* under light/dark (LD) and continuous light (LL) conditions.
  • Rhythmicity analysis to identify oscillating genes under different light regimes.
  • Gene co-expression network analysis to map regulatory interactions.

Main Results:

  • Diel light cues are the primary drivers of transcript oscillations in CAM plants (54.3% of genes under LD).
  • Only a small fraction of genes (1.3%) remained rhythmic under continuous light, indicating limited circadian clock control.
  • Gene co-expression networks revealed integration between circadian clock, CAM enzymes, and stomatal regulators, highlighting E3 ubiquitin ligase HUB2 and PPR proteins as key regulatory hubs.
  • Epigenetic and organellar regulation are implicated as critical control layers in CAM.

Conclusions:

  • CAM rhythmicity is governed by a combination of external light/dark cycles and the endogenous circadian clock.
  • Multi-level regulation, including transcriptional and protein-level control, orchestrates CAM timing.
  • The study provides a comprehensive regulatory model for CAM and an interactive tool for further research.