Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Five-Factor Theory of Personality

Five-Factor Theory of Personality

The five-factor model, often called the Big Five personality traits, is widely accepted in psychology as a comprehensive framework for understanding personality. These five traits — Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism — are often remembered using the acronym OCEAN.
Openness reflects creativity, curiosity, and openness to new experiences. Individuals scoring high in openness are imaginative, have a wide range of interests, and are independent...

Implicit Personality Theories

Implicit Personality Theories

Implicit personality theory explains how individuals make assumptions about the relationships between personality traits, behaviors, and character types. When people learn that someone possesses a particular trait, they tend to infer the presence of other related characteristics, forming a cohesive impression. This cognitive shortcut plays a crucial role in social interactions and interpersonal judgments.Central Traits and Their InfluenceSolomon Asch's seminal 1946 study highlighted the power...

Self-Report Tests of Personality

Self-Report Tests of Personality

Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.

Personality Theory by Eysenck and Eysenck

Personality Theory by Eysenck and Eysenck

Hans and Sybil Eysenck developed a widely recognized theory of personality, which emphasizes the role of temperament and genetically based differences in shaping individual traits. Their theory posits that biological factors primarily determine personality and can be understood through two main dimensions: extroversion/introversion and neuroticism/stability.
In the extroversion/introversion dimension, highly extroverted people are sociable, outgoing, and easily connect with others. In contrast,...

Attribution Theory

Attribution Theory

Behavior is a product of both the situation (e.g., cultural influences, social roles, and the presence of bystanders) and of the person (e.g., personality characteristics). Subfields of psychology tend to focus on one influence or behavior over others. Situationism is the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings. In contrast, dispositionism holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors (Heider, 1958).

Molecular Orbital Theory II

Molecular Orbital Theory II

Molecular Orbital Energy Diagrams

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Personality functioning as generalized correlated changes in personality traits.

Journal of psychopathology and clinical science·2025

Same author

Relevance of state-behaviour feedbacks for animal welfare.

Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society·2025

Same author

The dynamics of self-esteem and depressive symptoms across days, months, and years.

Journal of personality and social psychology·2025

Same author

Investigating heterogeneity in IRTree models for multiple response processes with score-based partitioning.

The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology·2024

Same author

Inference with cross-lagged effects-Problems in time.

Psychological methods·2024

Same author

Simulation-based design optimization for statistical power: Utilizing machine learning.

Psychological methods·2023

Same journal

The EM Algorithm and Its Variants in Cognitive Diagnostic Models: Comparing Their Propensity for Boundaries, Extremes, Convergence, and Suboptimal Solutions.

Applied psychological measurement·2026

Same journal

When Perceptions of Social Desirability Differ: Implications for the Multidimensional Nominal Response Model of Faking.

Applied psychological measurement·2026

Same journal

csemGT: An R Package for Estimating Raw-Score Conditional Standard Errors of Measurement in Generalizability Theory.

Applied psychological measurement·2026

Same journal

Confirmatory Factor Analysis with Adaptive Quadrature Estimator Using Four Link Functions.

Applied psychological measurement·2026

Same journal

Automatic Item Generation Measurement Models Respecting the Stochastic Sampling Space for Cross-Classified and Two-Level Sampling of Subjects and Incidentals.

Applied psychological measurement·2026

Same journal

Multistage Testing for Cognitive Diagnosis Based on Skill-Space Partitioning.

Applied psychological measurement·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Computerized Adaptive Testing System of Functional Assessment of Stroke

Computerized Adaptive Testing System of Functional Assessment of Stroke

Published on: January 7, 2019

Score-Based Tests With Fixed Effects Person Parameters in Item Response Theory: Detecting Model Misspecification

Rudolf Debelak^1,2, Charles C Driver¹

¹University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

Applied Psychological Measurement

|February 13, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A new score-based test efficiently detects model misspecification in item response theory (IRT) models, even with large datasets. This method simplifies differential item functioning (DIF) screening, offering a faster, more robust alternative for complex assessments.

Keywords:

item factor analysis large-scale assessments measurement invariance model misspecification

More Related Videos

Clinical Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients and Older Adults

Clinical Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients and Older Adults

Published on: November 7, 2014

Modeling Verbal Behavior Deficits with the Stimulus Control Ratio Equation, SCoRE

Modeling Verbal Behavior Deficits with the Stimulus Control Ratio Equation, SCoRE

Published on: May 14, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Computerized Adaptive Testing System of Functional Assessment of Stroke

Computerized Adaptive Testing System of Functional Assessment of Stroke

Published on: January 7, 2019

Clinical Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients and Older Adults

Clinical Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients and Older Adults

Published on: November 7, 2014

Modeling Verbal Behavior Deficits with the Stimulus Control Ratio Equation, SCoRE

Modeling Verbal Behavior Deficits with the Stimulus Control Ratio Equation, SCoRE

Published on: May 14, 2019

Area of Science:

Psychometrics
Educational Measurement
Statistical Modeling

Background:

Item response theory (IRT) models are widely used for educational assessment.
Detecting model misspecification, such as differential item functioning (DIF), is crucial for valid test interpretation.
Traditional methods for DIF detection can be computationally intensive and require complex model setups, especially for large-scale datasets.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a fast, score-based statistical test for detecting model misspecification in IRT models.
To provide a valid method for DIF screening when person parameters are treated as fixed effects, suitable for very large datasets.
To develop a computationally efficient and simpler alternative to existing DIF screening methods.

Main Methods:

Developed a score-based approximation test for IRT model misspecification.
The test is compatible with constrained joint maximum likelihood (CJML) and joint maximum a posteriori (JMAP) estimators.
Incorporated a spline-based residualization step to control Type I error rates when covariates correlate with ability.

Main Results:

Simulations demonstrated nominal error rates and high power for detecting DIF with sufficient response data (15-20 responses per examinee).
The method proved scalable and practical in an application to a large dataset (1,602 items, 57,684 students), identifying 13% of items with gender-related DIF.
The proposed test showed high correlation with conventional DIF detection approaches.

Conclusions:

The developed score-based test offers a robust, computationally light diagnostic for large-scale assessments.
It is particularly valuable when classical random-effects approaches are infeasible or when ability group structures and DIF effect shapes are unknown or complex.
This method enhances the efficiency and simplicity of DIF screening in psychometric analyses.