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In biological systems, most metabolic pathways are interconnected. The cellular respiration processes that convert glucose to ATP—such as glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle—tie into those that break down other organic compounds. As a result, various foods—from apples to cheese to guacamole—end up as ATP. In addition to carbohydrates, food also contains proteins and lipids—such as cholesterol and fats. All of these organic compounds are used...
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Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
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Establishing Dietary Reference Intakes for Creatine in Adults.

Sergej M Ostojic1,2

  • 1Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7621, Hungary.

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Summary

New research establishes the first evidence-based dietary reference values for creatine, a vital compound for energy metabolism. These findings suggest adequate intake levels for adults, identifying at-risk groups for insufficiency.

Keywords:
DRIsadequate intakeadultsbioenergeticsconditionally essential nutrientcreatinenutritional requirements

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Area of Science:

  • Nutritional Science
  • Human Physiology
  • Dietary Reference Intakes

Background:

  • Creatine is crucial for energy metabolism, stored in muscles and brain.
  • Dietary intake is vital for maintaining creatine status, especially for those avoiding animal products.
  • No established dietary reference intakes (DRIs) for creatine currently exist for adults.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To estimate daily creatine needs in adults aged 19-65 years.
  • To propose adequate intake (AI) values for creatine based on physiological data.
  • To identify populations at risk of creatine insufficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Integrated physiological data on creatine turnover and endogenous synthesis.
  • Assessed population-level dietary exposure to creatine.
  • Calculated creatine losses via conversion to creatinine and estimated dietary requirements.

Main Results:

  • Estimated daily creatine losses: 20 mg/kg/day (men) and 15 mg/kg/day (women).
  • Endogenous synthesis covers 73% of losses; diet supplies the remaining 27%.
  • Proposed AI: 5.4 mg/kg/day (men) and 4.1 mg/kg/day (women).

Conclusions:

  • Established the first evidence-based creatine AI values for adults.
  • Creatine is a conditionally essential nutrient, requiring dietary planning for at-risk groups.
  • Identified vegetarians, vegans, and older adults as potentially susceptible to creatine insufficiency.