Deciphering the role of endolysin LysCPD7 harboring C. perfringens spore binding domain

Due to their potent bactericidal activity, phage-derived endolysins are considered promising alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Although some endolysins from phages infecting spore-forming bacteria contain a spore binding domain (SBD), their biological function remains unclear. LysCPD7, an endolysin from the Clostridium perfringens phage CPD7, showed high antimicrobial activity, effectively reducing C. perfringens contamination in milk and beef broth. Fluorescence assays and immunogold electron microscopy showed that LysCPD7 lacks a C-terminal cell wall binding domain, but contains a SBD that localizes to the spore cortex layer. We found that an E187K mutation in the SBD resulted in reduced spore binding capacity while retaining lytic activity. Infection with the wild-type CPD7 led to a decrease in sporulation efficiency in C. perfringens, whereas the mutant CPD7 carrying the E187K substitution in the SBD had no impact on sporulation, suggesting that the SBD may play a role in the inhibition of sporulation in C. perfringens. Our findings could contribute to the rational design of effective antimicrobials or diagnostic tools for controlling C. perfringens and provide new insights into the interactions between phages and their spore-forming hosts.