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Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
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Rapid Antibody Structural Characterization and Quantification via Microdroplet Trypsin Digestion.

Mengyuan Xiao1, Yongqing Yang1, Andrew Schladebeck1

  • 1Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States.

Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry
|February 15, 2026
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Summary

We developed a rapid method for antibody characterization and quantitation using microdroplet trypsin digestion. This technique enables fast, accurate analysis of protein modifications and absolute quantification of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs).

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Proteomics
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Biopharmaceutical Analysis

Background:

  • Protein structural characterization is crucial for biopharmaceuticals.
  • Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) require rapid and accurate analytical methods.
  • Existing methods for protein digestion and quantitation can be time-consuming.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a fast antibody characterization and quantitation method.
  • To utilize online microdroplet trypsin digestion for ultrafast protein analysis.
  • To enable precise peptide mapping, modification pinpointing, and absolute quantitation of mAbs.

Main Methods:

  • Online microdroplet trypsin digestion for ultrafast protein digestion (<1 ms, >90% efficiency).
  • Mass spectrometry (MS) and MS/MS for peptide mapping and modification analysis.
  • Spiking with standard peptides and heavy isotope-labeled antibodies for absolute quantitation.

Main Results:

  • Identified major deamidation at N387 in NIST mAb using MS/MS.
  • Successfully quantified methionine oxidation using absolute quantitation with improved accuracy.
  • Achieved sensitive and accurate absolute antibody quantification (R²=0.99, LOD=1.2 ng, 0.6-10% error).

Conclusions:

  • Microdroplet digestion offers a rapid and efficient approach for antibody characterization.
  • The developed method provides accurate absolute quantitation of post-translational modifications and antibody levels.
  • This technique is valuable for biopharmaceutical analysis, offering speed, sensitivity, and accuracy.