Multi-omic biomarker detection in UV-induced melanoma

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced melanoma exhibits distinct molecular signatures across genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic levels that can be identified in blood and other bodily fluids. This presents an opportunity to monitor disease progression with minimal invasiveness. Although considerable biomarker discovery has been observed, only a few biomarkers have been translated into the real world of clinical practice due to analytical variability, insufficient validation, and questionable clinical utility. This review critically evaluates multi-omic biomarkers of UV-induced melanoma in the context of clinical chemistry and diagnostic laboratory medicine, emphasizing robust analytical qualities, pre-analytical standardization, and clinical validation. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) enables the quantitative tracking of BRAF, NRAS, and TERT mutations using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) and next-generation sequencing (NGS). Longitudinal ctDNA dynamics show 85-92% concordance with tissue genotypes in advanced disease and may anticipate radiographic progression. RASSF1A methylation is an epigenetic biomarker, and a combination of multi-markers may outperform a single-analyte solution. Reproducible diagnostic and prognostic stratification of circulating miRNA signatures, such as MEL38, can be used at different stages of the disease, although careful control is essential to circumvent hemolysis and normalization issues in the blood samples. Protein biomarkers, including S100B, C-reactive protein, and dynamic interleukin-8 levels, have been investigated for prognostication and therapy monitoring in targeted and immunotherapy. Metabolomic profiling has revealed signatures of treatment response, with a substantial proportion of metabolites demonstrating acceptable interlaboratory reproducibility under standardized protocols. Pre-analytical confounders (blood collection tubes, hemolysis, storage conditions), platform-dependent analytical variation, lack of external quality assessment programs, and scarcity of demonstrations of clinical utility in prospective biomarker-directed research are critical translational barriers. Such standardized handling of specimens, commutable reference materials, and reporting of the characteristics of analytical performance would be clearly linked to effective clinical use in accordance with the requirements of laboratory medicine.