Intestinal secretion of IgA and IgM: a hypothetical model

The secretory component (SC) has recently been found to be associated with IgM in external secretions, although in a less stable complex than secretory IgA. Moreover, SC combines spontaneously in vitro with both IgA and IgM. A prerequisite is that the immunoglobulins contain the J chain, which is present only in dimers and polymers. This polypeptide is essential for the formation of an SC-binding site which appears already at the cytoplasmic level in IgA- and IgM-producing immunocytes. Locally formed J-chain-containing immunoglobulins are therefore readily available for complexing with SC present in the membranes of columnar secretory epithelial cells of glandular sites. This complexing initiates pinocytosis and external transport. Immunohistochemically the gland cells are shown to contain SC, IgA and IgM in identical locations, except that SC alone appears in the Golgi zone. Locally formed IgA and IgM antibodies are thus efficiently transferred to the mucosal surface where they exert an immunological exclusion of antigens. Conversely, IgG antibodies, which are not actively drained away from the lamina propria, may rather become engaged in complement activation and cell-mediated cytotoxicity with potentially deleterious effects on the tissue. Secondary to severe inflammatory reactions, secretory epithelium may show decreased production of SC; the selective external transport of SC-stabilized secretory IgA and IgM is thus jeopardized, and a vicious circle may be set up in the mucosa.