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Related Concept Videos

Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...
Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary or...
Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...
Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles01:12

Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles

The connective tissues play a significant role in arranging the muscle fibers into a hierarchical structure that forms a complete muscle. Consider a muscle like the bicep brachii, commonly called the bicep. This muscle comprises thousands of muscle fibers enclosed by a protective layer of connective tissue called the endomysium. The endomysium is primarily composed of reticular fibers, a type of thin collagen fiber. It allows the exchange of nutrients and waste products at the fiber level,...
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles01:13

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles

Skeletal muscle cells, also called muscle fibers, are distinctly elongated, multi-nucleated, slender biological units. They are packed with specialized structures designed to facilitate their primary function, which is contraction.
The muscle sarcolemma is a plasma membrane enclosing each muscle cell that conducts electrical signals called action potentials. The sarcolemma extends into the cell to form T-tubules, ensuring the neural impulses are uniformly distributed across the entire muscle...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Real-time Visualization and Analysis of Chondrocyte Injury Due to Mechanical Loading in Fully Intact Murine Cartilage Explants
08:42

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Defining biceps chondromalacia: An arthroscopic descriptive study.

Matthew R Bryan1, Alex E White2, Nnaoma M Oji2

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Shoulder & Elbow
|February 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Biceps chondromalacia (BCM) is a common finding in patients with biceps-labrum complex (BLC) disease. This attritional lesion on the humeral head often presents in medial or junctional locations during arthroscopic evaluation.

Keywords:
Bicepsarthroscopychondromalacia

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Sports Medicine
  • Arthroscopy

Background:

  • Biceps chondromalacia (BCM) is an attritional lesion on the humeral head.
  • It can result from abrasion of the long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the arthroscopic spectrum of BCM in symptomatic biceps-labrum complex (BLC) disease.
  • To discuss the clinical implications of BCM in BLC disease.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective observational study of patients undergoing biceps tenodesis or tenotomy for symptomatic BLC disease.
  • Analysis of arthroscopic findings over a two-year period.

Main Results:

  • 51.5% of 68 patients with symptomatic BLC disease had BCM.
  • BCM lesions were predominantly medial (54.3%) or junctional (37.1%).
  • All 5 cases of LHBT incarceration showed medial BCM.

Conclusions:

  • BCM is a frequent arthroscopic finding in chronic BLC symptoms.
  • BCM typically occurs in medial and/or junctional locations.
  • Routine arthroscopic evaluation for BCM is recommended in suspected BLC disease.