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Immune modulation in response to coffee intake: a pilot study.

M Bleffgen¹, R Lang², K Rogal¹

¹ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Core Facility Human Studies, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.

European Journal of Nutrition

|February 16, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Coffee and caffeine impact immune homeostasis differently. Pure caffeine shows a stronger anti-inflammatory effect on cytokines than coffee, suggesting other coffee compounds modulate immune responses.

Keywords:

Caffeine Coffee brew Immune alertness Immune system

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Nutritional Science
Pharmacology

Background:

Coffee consumption is linked to health benefits, but mechanisms are unclear.
Acute effects of coffee vs. caffeine on human cytokines are understudied.
Previous research has not directly compared immune modulation by coffee and caffeine alone.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the acute effects of a 130 mg caffeine dose on postprandial cytokine secretion.
To compare immune responses to coffee versus pure caffeine in healthy individuals.
To elucidate the role of the whole coffee matrix versus caffeine alone in immune modulation.

Main Methods:

A randomized pilot trial involving ten healthy volunteers.
Participants consumed coffee, an aqueous caffeine solution (130 mg caffeine), or water.
Quantitative analysis of caffeine and measurement of immune markers using UHPLC-MS/MS and multiplex immunoassay.

Main Results:

Both coffee and caffeine consumption alter immune homeostasis, with distinct cytokine profiles.
Pure caffeine induced a greater anti-inflammatory response, significantly decreasing IL-17A, IL-12p70, and IL-2.
Coffee and caffeine differentially affected pro-inflammatory (IFN-γ) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokine levels.

Conclusions:

Coffee and caffeine acutely affect cytokine responses differently in healthy individuals.
Bioactive compounds in coffee beyond caffeine significantly contribute to its immunological effects.
Novel in vivo evidence supports distinct immune modulation by coffee and caffeine.