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Gravitational Waves from a Dilaton-Induced, First-Order QCD Phase Transition.

Aleksandr Chatrchyan1,2, M C David Marsh1, Charalampos Nikolis1

  • 1Stockholm University, The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, Department of Physics, AlbaNova, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.

Physical Review Letters
|February 16, 2026
PubMed
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A QCD dilaton field can cause the quantum chromodynamic (QCD) confinement transition to be first order. This generates gravitational waves similar to those detected by pulsar timing arrays.

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Area of Science:

  • Cosmology
  • Particle Physics
  • Quantum Chromodynamics

Background:

  • The nature of the quantum chromodynamic (QCD) confinement transition is crucial for understanding the early universe.
  • A QCD dilaton field's vacuum expectation value influences the strong coupling constant.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if a QCD dilaton field can alter the order of the QCD confinement transition.
  • To explore the cosmological implications and potential observable signals of such a transition.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling of a QCD dilaton field and its cosmological evolution.
  • Analysis of quantum tunneling and its effect on chiral symmetry breaking and confinement.
  • Calculation of gravitational wave signals generated by a first-order QCD phase transition.

Main Results:

  • A QCD dilaton field can indeed render the QCD confinement transition first order.
  • Quantum tunneling to the true vacuum triggers prompt chiral symmetry breaking and confinement.
  • The resulting plasma sound waves generate a stochastic gravitational wave signal resembling observed data.

Conclusions:

  • The dilaton-induced first-order QCD phase transition provides a compelling explanation for the observed stochastic gravitational wave background.
  • This framework offers testable predictions for collider experiments and cosmological observations.