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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...
Ultrasonography01:17

Ultrasonography

Ultrasonography is an imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the body's internal structures. It is a non-invasive and safe procedure that does not involve the use of ionizing radiation, making it widely used in various medical fields. Ultrasonography is used to study heart function, blood flow in the neck or extremities, certain conditions such as gallbladder disease, and fetal growth and development.
During an ultrasonography procedure, a handheld device called a...
Ultrasound II: Endoscopic Ultrasound and FibroScan01:25

Ultrasound II: Endoscopic Ultrasound and FibroScan

Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) and FibroScan are valuable diagnostic tools in gastroenterology and hepatology, each with specific applications and techniques.
Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS):
Ultrasound I: Abdominal Ultrasonography01:20

Ultrasound I: Abdominal Ultrasonography

Introduction:
Abdominal ultrasonography, commonly known as abdominal ultrasound, is a vital, non-invasive medical imaging technique widely used in healthcare.
Procedure:
This diagnostic tool allows the clinician to visually inspect internal structures within the abdomen, including vital organs such as the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidneys, and spleen.
The abdominal ultrasound process begins with applying a special gel to the patient's skin over the abdomen. This gel enhances the...
Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System III: X-Ray01:20

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System III: X-Ray

The most common cardiovascular diagnostic test is an X-ray. It produces images of the heart, blood vessels, and adjacent structures.
Definition and Purpose
An X-ray, or radiograph, is a non-invasive method that uses ionizing radiation to take images of internal structures. It is mainly used in cardiac imaging to examine the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels, aiming to identify abnormalities in the heart's size, shape, and position, such as heart failure, congenital defects, and vascular...
Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography01:24

Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography

IntroductionUltrasonography, or renal ultrasound, is a noninvasive medical imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and surrounding tissues.Indications for Urinary System UltrasonographyUrinary system ultrasonography is indicated in various clinical scenarios, such as:Kidney Stones (Urolithiasis): To detect and monitor the size and presence of kidney or urinary tract stones.Hydronephrosis: To assess the dilation of the renal pelvis and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Reduced-gravity Environment Hardware Demonstrations of a Prototype Miniaturized Flow Cytometer and Companion Microfluidic Mixing Technology
13:59

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X-Ray and Ultrasound for Human Spaceflight Using the NASA IMPACT Conditions List.

Michael J Boyle, Michael Pohlen, Kris Lehnhardt

    Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance
    |February 16, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary

    Portable radiography (XR) offers unique diagnostic and management capabilities for spaceflight medical conditions, complementing ultrasound (US). While both imaging modalities have utility, XR shows superiority in specific areas like bony injuries and orthopedic management, suggesting its value for future missions.

    Keywords:
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    Area of Science:

    • Aerospace Medicine
    • Medical Imaging
    • Space Exploration

    Background:

    • Advancing medical care for exploration-class missions requires robust imaging capabilities to mitigate risks.
    • The NASA Informing Mission Planning via Analysis of Complex Tradespaces (IMPACT) tool suite identifies critical in-flight medical conditions.
    • This study assesses the diagnostic and management utility of ultrasound (US) and radiography (XR) for 119 identified in-flight medical conditions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the diagnostic and management utility of ultrasound (US) and radiography (XR) for in-flight medical conditions.
    • To compare the effectiveness of US and XR for diagnosing and managing a comprehensive list of potential spaceflight medical emergencies.

    Main Methods:

    • Two independent reviewers conducted a rapid literature review of professional guidelines and scientific publications.
    • Subject-matter expertise was utilized to supplement the literature review.
    • The utility of US and XR for diagnosis and management of each condition was semiquantitatively scored.

    Main Results:

    • Radiography (XR) was highly useful for diagnosis in 36 conditions; ultrasound (US) was highly useful in 38 conditions.
    • Neither XR nor US provided diagnostic utility for 63 (52.9%) of the evaluated conditions.
    • XR demonstrated high utility for management in 24 conditions, while US was highly useful for 21 conditions.

    Conclusions:

    • Radiography (XR) offers unique diagnostic and management capabilities, complementary or superior to ultrasound (US) in over one-third of conditions.
    • XR shows superior utility for bony injuries, dental issues, and certain pulmonary conditions, as well as orthopedic reductions and device confirmation.
    • Portable radiography should be considered for future space mission medical systems, with further research needed to quantify risk reduction.