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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...
Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System III: X-Ray01:20

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System III: X-Ray

The most common cardiovascular diagnostic test is an X-ray. It produces images of the heart, blood vessels, and adjacent structures.
Definition and Purpose
An X-ray, or radiograph, is a non-invasive method that uses ionizing radiation to take images of internal structures. It is mainly used in cardiac imaging to examine the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels, aiming to identify abnormalities in the heart's size, shape, and position, such as heart failure, congenital defects, and vascular...
Radiological Investigation I: X-ray and CT01:30

Radiological Investigation I: X-ray and CT

Radiological investigations, including X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans, are critical for diagnosing and evaluating various medical conditions. These imaging techniques provide valuable insights into the body's internal structures, aiding in the detection of abnormalities, assessment of disease progression, and development of treatment strategies. This article delves into two primary radiological investigations, chest X-rays and CT scans, outlining their purpose, procedures, and the...
Positron Emission Tomography01:29

Positron Emission Tomography

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique involving radiopharmaceuticals — substances that emit short-lived radiation. Although the first PET scanner was introduced in 1961, it took 15 more years before radiopharmaceuticals were combined with the technique and revolutionized its potential.
One of the main requirements of a PET scan is a positron-emitting radioisotope, which is produced in a cyclotron and then attached to a substance used by the part of the body being...
Radiological Investigation II: MRI and Ventilation Perfusion Scan01:30

Radiological Investigation II: MRI and Ventilation Perfusion Scan

Description
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Ventilation Perfusion Scans are two radiological investigations that offer detailed diagnostic images of the body, particularly lung structures.
MRI
MRI uses magnetic fields and radiofrequency signals to distinguish between normal and abnormal tissues. This technology provides a more detailed diagnostic image than CT scans, enabling it to characterize pulmonary nodules, stage bronchogenic carcinoma, and evaluate inflammatory activity in...
Radiological Investigation III: Pulmonary Angiogram and PET Scan01:13

Radiological Investigation III: Pulmonary Angiogram and PET Scan

Radiological investigations are paramount in the diagnosis and management of various pulmonary diseases. Two essential investigations are the Pulmonary Angiogram and the Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan.
Pulmonary Angiogram
A Pulmonary Angiogram is an invasive procedure involving injecting a contrast medium through a catheter threaded into the pulmonary artery or the right side of the heart to visualize the pulmonary vasculature. Computed Tomography (CT) scans have mainly replaced this...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging
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X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging

Published on: September 11, 2011

SpaceXray: Feasibility and Diagnostic Capabilities of On-Orbit Medical Radiography.

Sheyna E Gifford1, Michael Pohlen2, Adam S Wang3

  • 1Department of Aerospace Medicine, Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases, and Occupational Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905.

Radiology
|July 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Digital radiography successfully imaged astronauts in space, proving feasible for on-orbit diagnostics and equipment checks. This technology expands crew health capabilities beyond ultrasound, despite minor positioning challenges in microgravity.

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Area of Science:

  • Space Medicine
  • Medical Imaging
  • Aerospace Engineering

Background:

  • Current spaceflight imaging relies on portable ultrasound, limiting diagnostic capabilities.
  • Digital radiography offers superior diagnostic quality and potential for equipment monitoring via nondestructive testing.
  • Advanced imaging is crucial for maintaining crew health during long-duration space missions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the feasibility of using a commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) digital radiography system for in-flight imaging during a polar orbital mission.
  • To evaluate the diagnostic quality and operational performance of the COTS radiography system in the space environment.
  • To explore the utility of radiography for both crew health assessment and equipment inspection in orbit.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective study utilizing a portable, digital, COTS radiography system during the 3.5-day Fram2 orbital flight.
  • Crew participants, with minimal training, acquired pre-flight and in-flight anatomic and equipment radiographs.
  • Radiographs were independently assessed for image quality, resolution, and positioning; hardware was tested, and crew surveys were conducted post-flight.

Main Results:

  • In-flight and pre-flight anatomic radiographs showed no significant differences in overall image quality, spatial resolution, or contrast resolution (P > .99).
  • Image positioning for central radiographs (chest, abdomen, pelvis) was significantly worse in-flight compared to pre-flight (P = .02).
  • In-flight nondestructive testing successfully visualized internal equipment components to the submillimeter scale, and the system functioned nominally post-flight.

Conclusions:

  • This study demonstrated the feasibility of acquiring human radiographs in space, marking a significant advancement in on-orbit diagnostic capabilities.
  • On-orbit radiography expands diagnostic potential for crew health and equipment evaluation, complementing existing technologies like ultrasound.
  • Identified operational standardization gaps and microgravity-induced image-alignment challenges require further investigation for future space missions.