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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
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Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
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Hydrogen Aggregation Enhances CO2 Hydrogenation to Methanol Over In2O3-Based Catalysts.

Chunliang Wang1,2, Beibei Wang3, Dong Tian1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, School of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Metallurgical Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction, Ministry of Education, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|February 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hydrogen spillover on catalysts regulates CO2 hydrogenation selectivity. Changing supports from TiO2 to ZrO2 shifted products from carbon monoxide to methanol, demonstrating control over catalytic outcomes.

Keywords:
CO2 hydrogenationH‐spilloverIn2O3 catalystelectron transferselectivity control

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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis
  • Surface Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Hydrogen (H) spillover is vital for CO2 hydrogenation.
  • Its impact on product selectivity remains understudied.
  • Oxide supports play a key role in regulating this process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the regulatory role of oxide supports in H-spillover during CO2 hydrogenation.
  • To understand how H-spillover affects product selectivity on In2O3-based catalysts.
  • To establish a link between H-spillover and methanol synthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized In2O3-based catalysts with varying oxide supports (TiO2 and ZrO2).
  • Performed in situ characterization techniques.
  • Employed theoretical modeling to analyze H-spillover effects.

Main Results:

  • Support modification significantly altered CO2 hydrogenation selectivity.
  • Switching from TiO2 to ZrO2 shifted the primary product from carbon monoxide (95.6%) to methanol (84.2%).
  • H-spillover degree influences surface hydrogen species distribution and formate intermediate hydrogenation.

Conclusions:

  • H-spillover on oxide supports is a critical factor controlling CO2 hydrogenation selectivity.
  • Surface hydrogen concentration directly correlates with methanol synthesis rate.
  • Catalyst design can be optimized by modulating H-spillover for selective CO2 conversion.