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Catalysis

Catalysis

Catalysis influences the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it is not consumed during the process. The fundamental principle of catalysis is the ability of a catalyst to alter the reaction mechanism, often introducing a more efficient pathway than the uncatalyzed process.In a catalyzed reaction, the catalyst participates directly in the reaction mechanism. It interacts with reactants to form...

Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...

Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview

Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview

Cycloadditions are one of the most valuable and effective synthesis routes to form cyclic compounds. These are concerted pericyclic reactions between two unsaturated compounds resulting in a cyclic product with two new σ bonds formed at the expense of π bonds. The [4 + 2] cycloaddition, known as the Diels–Alder reaction, is the most common. The other example is a [2 + 2] cycloaddition.

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Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy

Versatile CO₂ Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy

Published on: November 9, 2019

Relay Catalysis in Selective Transformations of C₁ into C₂₊ Molecules.

Yubing Li^1,2, Suhan Liu¹, Yu Xie¹

¹State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.

Chemical Reviews

|June 1, 2026

Summary

Relay catalysis enables selective synthesis of fuels and chemicals from C1 molecules like carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. This approach integrates sequential reactions for precise control over product formation, overcoming limitations of traditional methods.

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

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Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)

Published on: June 20, 2014

Area of Science:

Catalysis
Chemical Synthesis
Materials Science

Background:

C1 molecules (CO, CO2, CH4, CH3OH) are key feedstocks for sustainable fuels and chemicals.
Selective activation of C-O/C-H bonds and C-C formation are significant catalytic challenges.
Traditional methods like Fischer-Tropsch synthesis often lack selectivity or require multiple steps.

Purpose of the Study:

To review advances in C1 chemistry utilizing relay and tandem catalysis.
To analyze the design principles and applications of relay catalysis.
To highlight the potential of relay catalysis for synthesizing fuels and chemicals.

Main Methods:

Development of bifunctional/multifunctional catalysts (metals and zeolites).
Application of relay catalysis for selective hydrogenation and synthesis.
Integration of sequential reactions in single catalysts or reactors.

Main Results:

Successful application of relay catalysis for selective synthesis of hydrocarbon fuels.
Extension of relay catalysis to produce high-value chemicals (olefins, aromatics, higher alcohols) from CO, CO2, and CH4.
Demonstration of controllable product selectivity through integrated reaction pathways.

Conclusions:

Relay catalysis offers a powerful strategy for efficient C1 conversion.
This approach overcomes selectivity and processing limitations of conventional methods.
Relay catalysis holds significant promise for future sustainable chemical production.