[Prevention in otology-the key to lifelong hearing health]

Hearing loss is a major global health issue with potentially severe consequences for speech development, social integration, and cognitive health. A significant proportion of this burden is preventable through targeted strategies applied across the human lifespan.

This narrative review synthesizes key evidence-based preventive measures in otology and provides practical recommendations for clinicians.

A selective review of the current literature was conducted, including national clinical guidelines, systematic reviews, epidemiological studies, and pivotal clinical trials.

Key preventive measures begin before birth with maternal vaccinations and hygiene counseling as well as screening for syndromes or congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Universal newborn hearing screening is a cornerstone of early diagnosis and intervention, enabling superior outcomes with cochlear implantation or emerging gene therapies. Recommended childhood immunizations, noise protection, cautious use of ototoxic medications, and managing lifestyle-related risk factors are effective strategies for preventing acquired hearing loss. Furthermore, auditory rehabilitation with hearing aids or implants is crucial for tertiary prevention, mitigating secondary consequences such as social isolation and cognitive decline.

A multifaceted, proactive, life-course approach to hearing health is essential to reduce the burden of hearing loss. Otolaryngologists play a central role in implementing these preventive strategies, from counseling expectant parents to ensuring timely rehabilitation in older adults.