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Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. The symptoms vary widely, encompassing asymptomatic presentations to severe, acute manifestations.Clinical PresentationAsymptomatic cases: In some instances, myocarditis may be asymptomatic, with the infection resolving without intervention. These cases often go undetected unless discovered incidentally through diagnostic imaging or tests conducted for other reasons.General Early Symptoms: Early symptoms of myocarditis are non-specific and can...
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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
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Dilated cardiomyopathy, or DCM, is a progressive myocardial disorder characterized by ventricular chamber dilation and contractile dysfunction.EtiologyVarious factors can cause DCM, including hypertension and heavy alcohol intake, which contribute to the weakening and enlargement of the heart muscle. Viral infections, such as Coxsackievirus B, adenoviruses, and influenza, can lead to DCM by causing inflammation and damage to heart tissue. Certain chemotherapeutic agents, including daunorubicin,...
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Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is a rare heart muscle disease characterized by impaired ventricular filling due to stiffened ventricular walls, leading to significant diastolic dysfunction.EtiologyRestrictive cardiomyopathy can arise from both inherited and acquired diseases, many of which are systemic. It is categorized into four main types: infiltrative, storage, non-infiltrative, and endomyocardial diseases.Infiltrative diseases, such as amyloidosis, lead to RCM by depositing amyloid...
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Cardiomyopathy, or CMP, is a group of diseases affecting the myocardial structure, impairing its ability to pump blood effectively. This condition can lead to arrhythmias, heart failure, or sudden cardiac death.Cardiomyopathies are classified into primary and secondary categories:Primary Cardiomyopathy refers to conditions involving only the heart muscle that are often idiopathic (of unknown cause) or genetic. They primarily affect the myocardium without the involvement of other systemic...
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The Common Immune Responses Differences from Transcriptomic Profiling in Cardiomyocytes upon Coxsackievirus B5 and

Yi Xu1, Xianwu Lan1, Jianwei Chen1

  • 1Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Overseas Chinese Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.

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Viral myocarditis (VMC) involves enterovirus infections. This study compared Coxsackievirus B5 and Echovirus 6 in human cardiomyocytes, revealing key immune responses and Ribavirin

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Viral myocarditis (VMC) is a serious heart condition often caused by enteroviruses.
  • The precise mechanisms of VMC pathogenesis by enteroviruses are not fully understood.
  • Investigating host immune responses in cardiomyocytes is crucial for understanding VMC.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the host immune response transcriptomics of human cardiomyocytes infected with Coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5) and Echovirus 6 (ECHO6).
  • To identify common immune and inflammatory gene expression patterns induced by CVB5 and ECHO6.
  • To evaluate the antiviral effect of Ribavirin against these enteroviruses in cardiomyocytes.

Main Methods:

  • Infection of human cardiomyocyte AC16 cells with CVB5 and ECHO6.
  • Transcriptomic analysis to assess gene expression changes.
  • Quantitative PCR (qPCR) to validate key gene expressions.
  • Assessment of Ribavirin's inhibitory effect on viral replication.

Main Results:

  • Both CVB5 and ECHO6 efficiently infected AC16 cells, causing viral replication and cytopathic effects.
  • Transcriptomic analysis revealed significant upregulation of immune and inflammation-related genes (e.g., IL6, CCL3, IFNL1) in response to both viruses.
  • Ribavirin (50 µm) demonstrated significant inhibition of CVB5 and ECHO6 replication.

Conclusions:

  • Innate immunity and inflammatory responses are critical in cardiomyocyte defense against enterovirus infection.
  • CVB5 and ECHO6 infections induce shared transcriptomic and immune profiles in human cardiomyocytes.
  • Ribavirin shows potential as a therapeutic agent for enterovirus-induced myocarditis.