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The Evolving Role of ChatGPT (Chat-Generative Pre-Trained Transformer) in General Surgery: A Systematic Review
Carlos Andre Balthazar da Silveira1, Ana Caroline Dias Rasador1, Raquel Nogueira2
1Department of Surgery, Dignity Health St. Joseph's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques. Part A
|February 18, 2026
Summary
Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer (ChatGPT), a large language model, shows promise in general surgery education, clinical practice, and research. Human oversight remains essential for validating its outputs and ensuring patient safety.
Area of Science:
- Medical Artificial Intelligence
- Natural Language Processing in Surgery
- Large Language Models (LLMs)
Background:
- Large language models (LLMs) like Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer (ChatGPT) are increasingly accessible with potential medical applications.
- While LLM utility is explored in various surgical fields, its specific impact on general surgery requires systematic evaluation.
- This review assesses the current evidence for ChatGPT's educational, clinical, and research applications in general surgery.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review and evaluate the existing literature on the applications of ChatGPT in general surgery.
- To analyze ChatGPT's performance across educational, clinical, and research domains within general surgery.
- To identify the strengths and limitations of ChatGPT in the context of general surgery practice and education.
Main Methods:
- A comprehensive systematic search was conducted across major databases (PubMed, Cochrane Central, Scopus, SciELO, LILACS) up to December 2023.
- Studies evaluating ChatGPT's utility in general surgery's educational, research, and clinical domains were included.
- Both analytic and descriptive studies were considered, excluding studies on other AI platforms and conference abstracts.
Main Results:
- Twenty-three studies demonstrated ChatGPT's broad applicability in general surgery, covering disease Q&A, clinical practice, education, and research.
- ChatGPT showed high accuracy (up to 87%) for colorectal surgical questions and favorable patient-facing responses, particularly in bariatric and transplant surgery.
- Performance varied in clinical decision-making (0-86.7%) and board exam assessments (48-76.4%), with limitations in referencing; human validation is crucial.
Conclusions:
- ChatGPT exhibits significant potential across general surgery education, clinical practice, and research.
- Outputs from ChatGPT require continuous human oversight and expert validation for safe and effective implementation.
- Further research is needed to refine ChatGPT's accuracy and reliability in specific surgical contexts.
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