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Evolving Minds: Natural Learning vs. Artificial Learning in Ophthalmology Training.

Ali Safa Balcı¹, Zeliha Yazar², Banu Turgut Öztürk³

¹University of Health Sciences Türkiye, Sancaktepe Şehit Prof. Dr. İlhan Varank Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Ophthalmology, İstanbul, Türkiye.

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Summary

Artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots like ChatGPT show rapid performance gains on ophthalmology exams, significantly outperforming resident physicians. This highlights AI's potential to transform medical education and clinical support.

Keywords:

Education generative artificial intelligence residenttraining

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Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Artificial Intelligence
Medical Education

Background:

Ophthalmology resident performance on standardized exams shows gradual improvement over time.
Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being evaluated for their capabilities in medical knowledge assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the year-over-year performance change of ChatGPT on nationwide ophthalmology exams with that of residents.
To assess the impact of advanced AI models on medical knowledge acquisition and assessment.

Main Methods:

An observational study compared ChatGPT-3.5 (2023) and ChatGPT-4o (2024) performance on Turkish Ophthalmological Association exams.
Exam performance was benchmarked against 501 ophthalmology residents who took both the 2023 and 2024 exams.

Main Results:

ChatGPT's accuracy surged from 53.6% (2023) to 84.7% (2024), surpassing all residents in 2024.
Resident scores improved modestly from 48.2% to 53.1%, with significant gains in oculoplastics but a decline in cornea.
ChatGPT demonstrated remarkable improvement in strabismus, neuro-ophthalmology, and optics.

Conclusions:

ChatGPT-4o exhibited rapid learning and performance enhancement, contrasting with the slower, more incremental progress of human residents.
The study underscores the potential for advanced AI, like LLMs, to significantly influence medical training and patient care.
AI's accelerated learning curve suggests a growing role in augmenting medical education and clinical decision-making.