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Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 20, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
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Hepatitis E seroprevalence in pregnancy.

Meghna Singh1, Amit Goel2, Manju Lata Verma3

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226 003, India.

Indian Journal of Gastroenterology : Official Journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology
|February 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is prevalent in pregnant women in northern India, with nearly half testing positive for IgG antibodies. This high seroprevalence highlights the need for vaccination guidelines.

Keywords:
Hepatitis E virusHepatitis in pregnancyViral hepatitis

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Public Health
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection poses significant risks to maternal and neonatal health.
  • Estimates of HEV exposure among pregnant women in northern India are limited.
  • HEV detection involves anti-HEV antibodies (IgG, IgM) or RNA tests.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in pregnant females in northern India.
  • To assess the exposure rates of HEV among a pregnant population.
  • To provide data for potential HEV vaccination strategies in pregnant women.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective cohort study was conducted over one year.
  • Blood samples were collected and analyzed for IgG antibodies to HEV using ELISA kits.
  • Data on age, location (rural/urban), and BMI were collected.

Main Results:

  • Out of 602 pregnant patients, 47.7% tested positive for IgG HEV antibodies.
  • Seropositivity increased with age, was higher in rural populations (51.3%) than urban (45.3%), and was associated with lower BMI.

Conclusions:

  • The seroprevalence of hepatitis E in pregnant women in northern India is notably high.
  • Findings suggest the need for formulating guidelines for HEV vaccination in this demographic.
  • This study provides crucial epidemiological data for public health interventions.