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Surface Tension of Fluid01:22

Surface Tension of Fluid

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Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
Surface tension varies...
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Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity02:57

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Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Light-induced Patterning and Grafting for Slippery Surfaces based on Silane-coated Nanoporous Structures
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Light-induced Patterning and Grafting for Slippery Surfaces based on Silane-coated Nanoporous Structures

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Sustaining High-Performance Dropwise Condensation of Low-Surface-Tension Fluids on Multiscale Additively Manufactured

Huanyu Zhao1, Xinrui Wang1, Hanyang Ye1

  • 1School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|February 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Stable dropwise condensation (DWC) is crucial for industry but often fails due to flooding. This study shows that multiscale roughness on slippery lubricant-infused surfaces (SLIPS) significantly enhances antiflooding performance and heat transfer for low-surface-tension fluids.

Keywords:
Additive manufacturingAlSi10MgDropwise condensationEthanolLiquid-infused surface (LIS)Low-surface-tension fluidsSlippery lubricant-infused surface (SLIPS)

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science and Engineering
  • Surface Science
  • Heat Transfer

Background:

  • Achieving stable dropwise condensation (DWC) in industrial applications has been a persistent challenge due to wetting state transitions (flooding) and material degradation.
  • Slippery lubricant-infused surfaces (SLIPS) show promise for DWC with various fluids, but the influence of substrate roughness morphology remains underexplored.
  • Existing research often focuses on lubricant chemistry, neglecting the critical role of surface structure in maintaining DWC stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of multiscale micro- and nanoroughness on the antiflooding performance and dynamic wettability of additive manufactured (AM) SLIPS.
  • To develop and utilize a novel modified Wilhelmy plate setup for probing capillary forces and comparing wettability of differently structured AM SLIPS.
  • To evaluate the long-term stability and heat transfer efficiency of hierarchical structured SLIPS for dropwise condensation of low-surface-tension fluids.

Main Methods:

  • Additive manufacturing (AM) of AlSi10Mg aluminum alloy to create surfaces with multiscale roughness.
  • Fabrication of slippery lubricant-infused surfaces (SLIPS) utilizing the engineered roughness.
  • Employing a modified Wilhelmy plate setup to measure dynamic wettability and capillary forces.
  • Conducting long-term dropwise condensation tests under high subcooling conditions with ethanol vapor.

Main Results:

  • Two-tier hierarchical structured SLIPS demonstrated significantly improved dynamic wetting stability and antiflooding performance for ethanol DWC.
  • The hierarchical SLIPS maintained a high heat transfer coefficient (7000–7300 W/m²·K), approximately 280% of filmwise condensation (FWC).
  • No significant degradation was observed after 100 hours of continuous high subcooling operation, unlike single-tier surfaces which failed rapidly.

Conclusions:

  • Micro/nanoscale roughness is a pivotal factor in enhancing antiflooding performance and ensuring long-term stable dropwise condensation.
  • Hierarchical surface structures are crucial for durable DWC, especially for low-surface-tension fluids under demanding operational conditions.
  • This work provides essential guidelines for designing robust and efficient DWC systems by optimizing surface morphology.