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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
Scanning Electron Microscopy01:07

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
Fundamental Principles
Accelerated...
Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
Electron Tomography
Electron tomography can be performed either in TEM or STEM (scanning transmission...
X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Using Synchrotron Radiation Microtomography to Investigate Multi-scale Three-dimensional Microelectronic Packages
08:46

Using Synchrotron Radiation Microtomography to Investigate Multi-scale Three-dimensional Microelectronic Packages

Published on: April 13, 2016

High-energy synchrotron X-ray multimodal computed tomography: enabling multiscale materials characterization at

Mehmet Topsakal1, Daniel O'Nolan2, Michael Drakopoulos3

  • 1Nuclear Science and Security, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.

Journal of Synchrotron Radiation
|February 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A new multimodal computed tomography setup at the National Synchrotron Light Source II enables detailed characterization of advanced materials. This advanced X-ray imaging technique provides atomic, elemental, and morphological information for nuclear and materials research.

Keywords:
X-ray diffractionX-ray fluorescenceX-ray imagingcomputed tomographynuclear materialstotal scattering

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Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Using Synchrotron Radiation Microtomography to Investigate Multi-scale Three-dimensional Microelectronic Packages
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Using Synchrotron Radiation Microtomography to Investigate Multi-scale Three-dimensional Microelectronic Packages

Published on: April 13, 2016

Dynamic Pore-scale Reservoir-condition Imaging of Reaction in Carbonates Using Synchrotron Fast Tomography
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Dynamic Pore-scale Reservoir-condition Imaging of Reaction in Carbonates Using Synchrotron Fast Tomography

Published on: February 21, 2017

Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples
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Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples

Published on: June 19, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physics
  • Chemistry

Background:

  • Advanced materials research requires comprehensive characterization techniques.
  • Existing methods may lack the ability to probe materials at multiple length scales and provide simultaneous chemical and structural information.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the commissioning of a novel multimodal computed tomography (CT) experimental setup.
  • To enable comprehensive characterization of high-Z materials for nuclear and advanced materials research.

Main Methods:

  • Commissioning of a high-energy (>60 keV) multimodal CT setup at the 28-ID-2 (XPD) beamline.
  • Utilizing four complementary CT modalities: X-ray absorption, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, and pair distribution function tomography.
  • Employing a tunable X-ray beam size from millimeters to micrometers.

Main Results:

  • The setup enables simultaneous capture of atomic, elemental, and morphological information from heterogeneous samples.
  • Demonstrated capability to analyze complex materials with both amorphous and crystalline systems.
  • Successful characterization of a custom-made heterogeneous sample.

Conclusions:

  • The multimodal CT setup offers a holistic approach to materials study.
  • This resource is essential for nuclear and advanced materials research.
  • The combination of imaging, structural, and chemical sensitive methods provides unprecedented insights into complex materials.