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Behavioral Assessment of Hearing in 2 to 4 Year-old Children: A Two-interval, Observer-based Procedure Using Conditioned Play-based Responses

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How Simple Can a Treatment for Early Stuttering Be? A Proposed Two-Factor Early Intervention.

Mark Onslow¹, Anna Hearne¹, Kun Yu²

¹Australian Stuttering Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology

|February 19, 2026

Summary

Early intervention for stuttering is crucial. New parent-led strategies, like reducing speech rate, show promise for children under three, paving the way for AI-driven treatments.

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Area of Science:

Speech-language pathology
Pediatric audiology

Background:

Stuttering onset frequently occurs before age three.
Current interventions demand significant cognitive engagement, limiting their use in very young children.
Limited clinical trial evidence exists for treating stuttering in children under three.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the need for immediate intervention following stuttering onset.
To identify suitable interventions for preschool children who stutter.
To propose a novel treatment protocol for early stuttering intervention.

Main Methods:

Developed a clinical protocol based on parent speech rate reduction and increased interturn speaker latency.
Demonstrated the clinical viability of the protocol with three young children who stuttered.
Proposed AI-driven avatar clinicians for automated, globally accessible treatment.

Main Results:

The developed clinical protocol proved viable in initial trials with three children.
Parent-led strategies requiring minimal child cognitive engagement are suitable for immediate intervention.
AI automation can enhance the global reach and scalability of stuttering treatment.

Conclusions:

Parent-implemented strategies are effective for immediate stuttering intervention in very young children.
AI-powered interventions offer a scalable solution for early stuttering treatment.
The proposed protocol is a candidate for future clinical trials (Phases I-IV).