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Updated: May 11, 2026

Antimicrobial Characterization of Advanced Materials for Bioengineering Applications
Published on: August 4, 2018
Design-based classification of sanitary napkins with a focus on sustainable solutions and safety standards-a
Minnie Diana Akkakunnel Joseph1, Siva Kumar Belliraj2, Sangareddy Giridhar Reddy1
1Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Amrita School of Engineering Bengaluru, Carmelaram, Kasavanahalli, Bengaluru, Karnataka, P.O 560035, India.
Abstract:
The widespread use of conventional sanitary napkins-primarily composed of non-biodegradable synthetic polymers-raises pressing environmental and public health concerns. In response, biodegradable and organic sanitary napkins made from natural fibers and bio-based polymers are gaining attention for their eco-compatibility, skin-friendliness, and effective absorbency. This review presents a classification of sanitary napkins-disposable, reusable, and their variations-followed by a detailed analysis of their structural layers, material innovations, and compositional design. It also briefly contextualizes the health and environmental hazards posed by conventional products, and recent fabrication strategies aimed at sustainable alternatives. Further, this review identifies environmentally responsible materials suitable for sanitary napkins and underscores the need of adopting emerging interdisciplinary innovations in developing safe, sustainable, and health-oriented menstrual hygiene solutions. Special emphasis is placed on standardized testing methodologies and regulatory benchmarks that ensure product safety, quality, and performance.
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