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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and Optical Engineering
    • Integrated Optics
    • Optical Communications

    Background:

    • Mode-division multiplexing (MDM) systems require flexible mode manipulation for advanced optical interconnections.
    • Current MDM systems face limitations in accessing specific low-order modes within multimode waveguides.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate a compact and flexible mode manipulation scheme for MDM systems.
    • To develop and experimentally verify mode exchangers (MEs) and mode add-drop multiplexers (MADMs) using intelligent algorithms.
    • To provide a scalable strategy for manipulating higher-order modes in optical communications.

    Main Methods:

    • Design and optimization of mode exchangers (MEs) using intelligent algorithms.
    • Fabrication and experimental characterization of ME and MADM devices based on Bézier curve profile waveguides.
    • Analysis of insertion loss (IL), crosstalk (CT), and operational wavelength ranges.

    Main Results:

    • Fabricated ME devices (ME01/23, ME02/13, ME03/12) achieved IL below 1.8 dB and CT better than -10 dB across broad wavelength ranges.
    • MADMs demonstrated IL below 2.4 dB and CT exceeding -10.0 dB within the C-band.
    • All devices exhibited a compact footprint (< 6 × 3 μm²).

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed scheme offers efficient and flexible mode manipulation for MDM systems.
    • The technology overcomes limitations in accessing specific low-order modes, enabling higher-order mode scalability.
    • This work lays the foundation for next-generation high-density optical communication systems.