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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 21, 2026

Interlinked Macroporous 3D Scaffolds from Microgel Rods

Interlinked Macroporous 3D Scaffolds from Microgel Rods

Published on: June 16, 2022

4D morphogenetic tissue engineering via gradient-crosslinked microporous hydrogel scaffolds.

Haitao Yu¹, Guodong Wu¹, Jian Zhang¹

¹Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China.

Materials Today. Bio

|February 20, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed shape-morphing, microporous gradient hydrogels for 4D tissue engineering. These dynamic scaffolds improve nutrient transport and cell function, enabling complex tissue development and bone regeneration.

Keywords:

4D fabrication Gradient Hydrogel Microporosity Tissue engineering

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Last Updated: Feb 21, 2026

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Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Tissue Engineering
Regenerative Medicine

Background:

Shape-morphing hydrogels are promising for 4D tissue engineering, but dense networks hinder nutrient diffusion and tissue remodeling.
Existing hydrogels often lack porosity, limiting cell infiltration and extracellular matrix development.

Purpose of the Study:

To engineer microporous gradient hydrogels with programmable shape morphing for advanced 4D tissue engineering applications.
To overcome mass transport limitations in dynamic scaffolds by introducing controlled porosity.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of gradient hydrogels using light-attenuation-mediated photocrosslinking and sacrificial gelatin microspheres (GMSs) for microporosity.
Tuning GMS content, photocrosslinking time, and construct geometry to control microporosity, mechanical properties, swelling, and shape deformation.
Encapsulation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and osteogenic differentiation to evaluate tissue formation within the gradient hydrogels.

Main Results:

Achieved precise control over hydrogel microporosity, stiffness, swelling, and shape-morphing behavior.
Demonstrated high cell viability and maintained construct deformability after cell encapsulation.
Engineered complex 3D shapes and enhanced bone-like tissue formation (increased ALP activity and calcium deposition) in MSC-laden gradient hydrogels compared to nonporous controls.

Conclusions:

Established a versatile platform for creating tunable, microporous gradient hydrogels with spatiotemporal morphing capabilities.
The developed hydrogels offer a novel approach for dynamic, cell-instructive scaffolds in 4D tissue engineering.
Microporosity significantly enhances osteogenic differentiation and tissue development in shape-morphing scaffolds.