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An Ex Vivo Tissue Culture Model for Fibrovascular Complications in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
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Advancing in vitro vascular wall modelling using digital light processing to study hyperglycemia-driven cell changes.

Ianina Pokholenko1,2,3, Marguerite Meeremans1,2, Sandra Van Vlierberghe1

  • 1Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.

Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
|February 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed GelMA-coated scaffolds for studying metabolic syndrome. These scaffolds support equine mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) and endothelial cells (EC), and show that high glucose harms EC viability, mimicking disease conditions.

Keywords:
acrylate-endcapped urethane-based polyethylene glycoldigital light processinggelatin methacryloylhyperglycemiavascular wall model

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Vascular Biology
  • Equine Science

Background:

  • Metabolic syndrome, prevalent in humans and horses (equine metabolic syndrome), involves obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and vascular changes.
  • A critical need exists for in vitro vascular models to investigate metabolic syndrome pathophysiology and develop treatments for both species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and characterize a novel in vitro vascular wall model using 3D-printed scaffolds.
  • To evaluate the cytocompatibility and cellular response of these scaffolds with equine cells under normal and hyperglycemic conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Digital light processing (DLP) was used to fabricate acrylate-endcapped urethane-based polymer precursor with a polyethylene glycol backbone (AUP2PEG) scaffolds.
  • Scaffolds were coated with gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) via UV-induced photopolymerization or type I atelocollagen via physisorption.
  • Equine mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) and endothelial cells (EC) were cultured on scaffolds, and their viability and differentiation potential were assessed, particularly under high glucose conditions.

Main Results:

  • GelMA coating created a uniform layer, enhancing the cytocompatibility of DLP-printed AUP2PEG scaffolds for both MSC and EC.
  • The scaffolds supported MSC trilineage differentiation.
  • Exposure to high glucose conditions significantly reduced EC viability, mimicking endothelial damage seen in metabolic syndrome, while MSC viability remained largely unaffected.

Conclusions:

  • GelMA-coated DLP-printed AUP2PEG scaffolds effectively support the growth of equine EC and MSC.
  • The developed model demonstrates that hyperglycemic conditions adversely affect EC viability on the scaffolds, mirroring in vivo observations in metabolic syndrome.