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Assessment of Ventilation I: Respiratory Rate

Assessment of Ventilation I: Respiratory Rate

Assessment of Ventilation
A Ventilation assessment is critical for monitoring a patient's health status. Respiration, one of the most accessible vital signs, provides insights into the function of numerous body systems and can indicate serious health issues, such as brainstem injuries from head trauma.
Critical Guidelines for Assessing Ventilation:

Assessment of Ventilation II: Respiratory Depth and Rhythm

Assessment of Ventilation II: Respiratory Depth and Rhythm

Respiratory Depth
Respiratory depth measures the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a breath. It can vary from shallow to deep and typically remains consistent when a person is at rest or asleep. Occasionally, individuals will automatically inhale deeply, known as sighing, which inflates the lungs with more air than normal breathing.
To assess respiratory depth, observe the degree of chest excursion or movement:

Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

Besides the pressure difference between the external environment and the lungs, the airflow rate and ease of pulmonary ventilation are also influenced by three other factors: surface tension of the fluid in the alveoli, compliance of the lungs, and airway resistance.
Alveolar Surface Tension
The alveolar fluid lines the luminal surface of the alveoli and exerts a force called surface tension. This force is caused by the polar water molecules in the liquid being more strongly attracted to each...

Oxygen Delivering System II: Venturi Mask and Transtracheal Oxygen

Oxygen Delivering System II: Venturi Mask and Transtracheal Oxygen

Oxygen therapy is a pivotal aspect of medical care, particularly for patients with respiratory ailments. Two prominent oxygen-delivering systems include the Venturi mask and the transtracheal oxygen catheter.
Venturi Mask
The Venturi mask, named after the Venturi effect, is designed to deliver precise oxygen concentrations. It consists of a large tube with an oxygen inlet that narrows down, causing a pressure drop that pulls air in through adjustable side ports. The mask is a lightweight,...

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation I: Adult

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation I: Adult

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or CPR, is a life-saving emergency procedure performed when a person's heart has stopped beating or they are no longer breathing. The foundation of CPR is Basic Life Support (BLS), which focuses on the early recognition of cardiac arrest, the immediate start of high-quality chest compressions, and the timely use of an automated external defibrillator (AED).Assessing Responsiveness and Checking the Carotid PulseWhen approaching an unresponsive person, first ensure...

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation II: ACLS Airway Management

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation II: ACLS Airway Management

Airway management is a key skill in emergency and critical care settings, as maintaining a clear airway is essential for adequate oxygenation and ventilation.Head Tilt-Chin Lift TechniqueThe head tilt-chin lift maneuver is an essential technique primarily used in patients without suspected cervical spine injuries. To perform this maneuver, one hand is placed on the patient’s forehead, and gentle pressure is applied backward to tilt the head. The fingertips of the other hand are positioned under...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

The Perinatal Asphyxiated Lamb Model: A Model for Newborn Resuscitation

The Perinatal Asphyxiated Lamb Model: A Model for Newborn Resuscitation

Published on: August 15, 2018

Chest compression metrics during infant basic life support using 15:2 and 10:2 compression-ventilation ratios: a

Amanda Vettoretti Nicoladeli¹, Jefferson Pedro Piva^1,2, Taís Sica da Rocha^1,2

¹Department of Pediatric Critical Care, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil.

Resuscitation Plus

|February 20, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The 15:2 compression-to-ventilation ratio in infant cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) maintained a higher chest compression fraction compared to the 10:2 ratio. However, both ratios demonstrated similar chest compression depth compliance in simulated basic life support (BLS).

Keywords:

Cardiac arrest Cardiopulmonary resuscitation Chest compressions Infant Ventilation

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Area of Science:

Pediatric Emergency Medicine
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Science
Medical Simulation Research

Background:

Effective chest compressions and ventilation are crucial for pediatric basic life support (BLS).
The optimal compression-to-ventilation (C:V) ratio for infant CPR remains an area of ongoing research.
Previous studies highlight the importance of specific C:V ratios in simulated resuscitation scenarios.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) performance metrics between two compression-to-ventilation (C:V) ratios (15:2 and 10:2).
To evaluate the impact of different C:V ratios on chest compression depth, rate, recoil, and ventilation effectiveness in a simulated infant BLS model.
To determine the effect of C:V ratios on chest compression fraction during infant CPR.

Main Methods:

A randomized crossover simulation study was conducted with pediatric healthcare professionals.
Participants performed 4-minute infant CPR scenarios on a manikin using both 15:2 and 10:2 C:V ratios.
Primary outcome: proportion of guideline-compliant chest compressions; secondary outcomes: compression depth, rate, recoil, ventilation metrics, and chest compression fraction.

Main Results:

Chest compression depth and rate compliance were similar between the 15:2 and 10:2 C:V ratios (82.0% vs. 83.5%).
Full chest recoil was slightly higher with the 10:2 ratio (86.9%) compared to 15:2 (82.3%).
The 10:2 ratio yielded more effective breaths but a significantly lower chest compression fraction (64.9%) than the 15:2 ratio (73.8%).

Conclusions:

In simulated infant CPR, chest compression depth compliance was comparable between 15:2 and 10:2 C:V ratios.
The 10:2 C:V ratio was associated with a reduced chest compression fraction compared to the 15:2 ratio.
Findings suggest that while ventilation may be enhanced with 10:2, the 15:2 ratio may be preferable for maintaining continuous chest compressions in infant BLS.