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Formation of Lipopolysaccharides01:19

Formation of Lipopolysaccharides

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Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are crucial components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, serving both structural and functional roles. It contributes to membrane stability and protects bacteria from host immune responses. LPS is composed of three major regions—lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O antigen. The biosynthesis and assembly of LPS involve a highly coordinated set of enzymatic reactions and transport mechanisms. Additionally, LPS is recognized as an endotoxin,...
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Pulpitis Transiently Affect Hepatic Bone Morphogenetic Protein 9 Expression by Lipopolysaccharide.

Tianzhu Song1, Dongzhe Song2, Yanglin Zeng3

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Gansu Province Key & Laboratory of Stomatology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.

International Dental Journal
|February 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Pulpitis may transiently alter bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) levels in the liver and blood via lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and epigenetic changes. Targeting these pathways may offer new strategies for oral-systemic disease links.

Keywords:
BMP9H3K9 dimethylationLipopolysaccharidePulpitishepatic stellate cells

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Area of Science:

  • Oral health and systemic disease interactions.
  • Molecular mechanisms of inflammation.
  • Epigenetics in disease pathogenesis.

Background:

  • The link between oral infections like pulpitis and systemic health is increasingly recognized.
  • Pulpitis, an infectious dental disease, may impact systemic organs.
  • Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) role in systemic health requires further study.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of pulpitis on BMP9 and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels in liver and blood.
  • To explore the molecular mechanisms, including epigenetic modifications, underlying these changes.
  • To assess the potential of targeting epigenetic pathways for managing oral-systemic links.

Main Methods:

  • A rat/mouse model of pulpitis was used to measure BMP9 and LPS in liver and blood.
  • Hepatic stellate cells were stimulated with LPS to study cellular responses.
  • Histone H3K9 methylation, G9a methyltransferase activity, and BMP9 gene regulation were analyzed.
  • The effect of the G9a inhibitor UNC0642 was evaluated.

Main Results:

  • Pulpitis induced transient fluctuations in BMP9 levels in liver and blood, mirroring LPS-stimulated hepatic stellate cells.
  • LPS stimulation increased H3K9 dimethylation and G9a methyltransferase activity, particularly at the BMP9 promoter.
  • Inhibition of G9a with UNC0642 normalized BMP9 levels.
  • These findings highlight the role of epigenetic modifications in mediating pulpitis-induced systemic effects.

Conclusions:

  • Pulpitis, through LPS, can transiently affect BMP9 expression in the liver, suggesting potential systemic impacts.
  • Epigenetic mechanisms involving H3K9 methylation and G9a are involved in regulating BMP9 expression during pulpitis.
  • This study offers a proof-of-concept for targeting epigenetic pathways to address the oral-systemic disease connection.