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Related Concept Videos

Clinical Trials01:16

Clinical Trials

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Clinical trials are prospective experimental studies conducted on humans to determine the safety and efficacy of treatments, drugs, diet methods, and medical devices. Using statistics in clinical trials enables researchers to derive reasonable and accurate conclusions from the collected data, allowing them to make wise decisions in uncertain situations. In medical research, statistical methods are crucial for preventing errors and bias.
There are four phases in a clinical trial. A phase one...
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Clinical Trials: Overview01:11

Clinical Trials: Overview

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Clinical development focuses on how the drug will interact with the human body and encompasses four key phases of clinical trials, each serving a specific purpose in assessing the safety and effectiveness of new drugs. These phases overlap and build upon one another. Phase I involves a small group of healthy volunteers (typically 20-80 individuals) or, in cases where significant toxicity is expected, patients with the targeted disease, such as cancer or AIDS. The volunteers are tested for...
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Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches01:23

Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches

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Biopharmaceutical studies constitute a vital field aiming to enhance drug delivery methods and refine therapeutic approaches, drawing upon diverse interdisciplinary knowledge. In research methodologies, the choice between controlled and non-controlled studies significantly influences the study's reliability and accuracy.
Non-controlled studies, commonly employed for initial exploration, lack a control group, rendering them susceptible to biases and external influences. In contrast,...
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Preclinical Development: Overview01:28

Preclinical Development: Overview

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Preclinical development consists of a series of tests that ensure the safety and efficacy of a new therapeutic compound before it is tested in humans. There are four main phases to this process. First, safety pharmacology tests are conducted to ensure the drug does not produce any acutely harmful effects. These tests examine parameters such as bronchoconstriction, cardiac dysrhythmias, blood pressure changes, and ataxia. Next, preliminary toxicological testing is performed to determine the...
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Bioequivalence Experimental Study Designs: Repeated Measures, Cross-Over, Carry-Over, and Latin Square Designs01:15

Bioequivalence Experimental Study Designs: Repeated Measures, Cross-Over, Carry-Over, and Latin Square Designs

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Body:Bioequivalence experimental study designs play a pivotal role in testing the effectiveness of various treatments. Key among these are the repeated measures, cross-over, carry-over, and Latin square designs. In the repeated measures design, each subject receives all treatments, allowing for temporal comparisons. This type of design is useful in reducing variability but requires careful planning to avoid bias.The cross-over design, an economical method, involves sequential administration of...
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Clinically Relevant Drug Product Specifications: Methods of Establishment01:29

Clinically Relevant Drug Product Specifications: Methods of Establishment

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Product specifications define the acceptable quality of a pharmaceutical product by ensuring identity, purity, potency, and strength. These specifications serve as benchmarks during development, manufacturing, and post-approval quality control. Clinically relevant specifications are particularly important because they directly relate to a drug's safety and efficacy in clinical use.Dissolution studies are critical biopharmaceutic tools that link in vitro behavior to in vivo performance. They...
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Updated: Feb 23, 2026

A Clinical Trial Assessing the Safety, Efficacy, and Delivery of Olive-Oil-Based Three-Chamber Bags for Parenteral Nutrition
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Beyond inclusion: are clinical trials solving the right problem?

Ulrik Bak Kirk1,2, Nikoletta Georgiou3, Ron Hillel4

  • 1Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark. ubk@ph.au.dk.

Trials
|February 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Denmark leads EU clinical trials, but research focus on profitable areas neglects vulnerable populations. True innovation requires inclusive strategies for equitable health research and knowledge generation.

Keywords:
Clinical studiesEpistemic injusticeEquityInclusivityInnovative healthPublic–private partnershipUnderserved and underrepresented populations

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Area of Science:

  • Clinical research ethics
  • Health equity
  • Innovation in clinical trials

Background:

  • Denmark leads the EU in clinical trials per capita, signaling innovation and industry attractiveness.
  • Clinical trial volume alone is an insufficient metric for research value, masking disparities.
  • Research is disproportionately concentrated in commercially viable areas like oncology and Alzheimer's disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically examine the limitations of focusing solely on clinical trial volume.
  • To highlight the structural and epistemic injustices leading to the neglect of certain populations in research.
  • To explore strategies for fostering inclusive innovation in European clinical research.

Main Methods:

  • Case study analysis of Denmark's clinical research landscape.
  • Review of European and international debates on clinical trial inclusion.
  • Commentary on the implications of current inclusion strategies for knowledge production.

Main Results:

  • Clinical trial concentration in lucrative areas overlooks children, pregnant individuals, older adults, and those with chronic or less profitable conditions.
  • Inclusion strategies often prioritize numeric representation over genuine justice in knowledge production.
  • Existing frameworks risk perpetuating structural and epistemic injustices in research prioritization.

Conclusions:

  • Moving beyond checklist inclusion is crucial for achieving justice in clinical research.
  • Equitable participation and knowledge generation benefit patients, researchers, and society.
  • There are opportunities for developing more inclusive and justice-oriented approaches within the European clinical research ecosystem.