Emerging Diagnostics Tools for Severe Male Infertility and Non-obstructive Azoospermia

Male infertility affects one in 10 men, yet we have seen few changes in the diagnostic tests recommended in the guidelines in the recent decade. Here we review the literature to identify newly available or emerging diagnostic tools in male infertility. From "-omics" (such as genomic, transcriptomics, or proteomics), tests of sperm function, advanced and innovated imaging technology, and integrating artificial intelligence, there are many potential areas where these diagnostic tests can improve patient care. These tools will hopefully allow to continue to unlock the underlying pathophysiology and understand the heterogeneous nature of male infertility.