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A Discrete-Event Simulation Model to Configure Operating Rooms for Robotic Cardiac Surgery.

Martina Doneda1, Elena Elzi1, Alfonso Agnino2

  • 1Department of Management, Information and Production Engineering, University of Bergamo, Dalmine (BG), Italy.

MDM Policy & Practice
|February 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Discrete-event simulation optimizes robotic cardiac surgery (RCS) performance by analyzing operating room layouts. This approach enhances surgical process management and team efficiency for improved patient outcomes.

Keywords:
discrete-event simulationoperating room designoperations managementrobotic cardiac surgery

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Surgery
  • Medical Simulation
  • Health Systems Engineering

Background:

  • Robotic cardiac surgery (RCS) offers an alternative to traditional minimally invasive techniques.
  • Optimizing operating room (OR) layout is crucial for maximizing RCS benefits.
  • Integrating RCS with surgical process management requires strategic planning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess robotic cardiac surgery (RCS) performance based on operating room (OR) layout.
  • To utilize discrete-event simulation (DES) for analyzing different RCS procedures and OR configurations.
  • To provide data-driven recommendations for optimizing OR layouts in robotic cardiac surgery.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a discrete-event simulation (DES) model for atrial fibrillation ablation and mitral valve repair.
  • Collected on-site data on operator activities and timings during RCS procedures.
  • Analyzed RCS performance using key performance indicators (KPIs) across various OR layouts.

Main Results:

  • Quantified the advantages and disadvantages of different OR layouts for RCS.
  • Evaluated metrics such as overall surgical duration, team travel distance, and resource utilization.
  • Assessed the characteristics of a new, larger OR for the RCS department.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides valuable insights into tailoring OR configurations for specific RCS procedures.
  • Recommendations derived from DES modeling were implemented to improve RCS workflow.
  • Optimized OR layouts enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of robotic cardiac surgery.