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Manipulating fractional Shapiro steps in twisted cuprate Josephson junctions.

Yuying Zhu1,2, Heng Wang3,4, Ding Zhang1,4,2

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|February 23, 2026
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High-temperature topological superconductivity in twisted cuprates was investigated. Half-integer Shapiro steps were observed but unstable, suggesting an alternative mechanism beyond topological superconductivity.

Keywords:
Josephson effectShapiro stepshigh-temperature superconductivitytwisted systems

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Superconductivity
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Twisted cuprate superconductors offer potential for high-temperature superconducting devices.
  • The presence of high-temperature topological superconductivity in these materials is an unresolved question.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the occurrence and stability of half-integer Shapiro steps in twisted cuprate Josephson junctions.
  • To explore the relationship between these steps and topological superconductivity.
  • To understand the tunability of the current-phase relation (CPR).

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of Josephson junctions using twisted cuprate superconductors.
  • Measurement of Shapiro steps at specific twist angles (e.g., 45°).
  • Thermal cycling and application of magnetic fields or electrical currents for sample training and annealing.

Main Results:

  • Half-integer Shapiro steps were observed at a 45° twist angle but were unstable under thermal cycling.
  • Fractional steps, including those with odd denominators, were achievable through sample training and current annealing, indicating a tunable CPR.
  • Half-integer steps were induced outside the expected topological superconductivity regime, suggesting a vortex-related mechanism.

Conclusions:

  • The direct association of half-integer Shapiro steps with topological superconductivity in twisted cuprates should be approached with caution.
  • An alternative mechanism, potentially involving trapped vortices, may explain the observed phenomena.
  • The study opens avenues for developing Josephson junctions with electrically tunable CPRs at high temperatures.