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Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance With Time-Frequency Analysis: A Potential Diagnostic Approach for Keloids.

Guangpeng Xia1, Teruyuki Dohi1, Keiko Hirakawa2

  • 1Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.

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|February 24, 2026
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Summary

Researchers explored using serum 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and time-frequency analysis to identify keloid patient subgroups. Findings suggest this method can differentiate keloid origins, potentially aiding objective patient stratification and treatment.

Keywords:
diagnosiskeloidnuclear magnetic resonancepathological scartime‐frequency analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Dermatology
  • Medical Diagnostics

Background:

  • Keloids are chronic fibroproliferative skin disorders with high recurrence rates.
  • Current keloid classification relies on clinical observation, lacking objective biomarkers.
  • There is a need for noninvasive tools for keloid diagnosis and patient stratification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate potential keloid patient subgroups using serum 1H NMR and time-frequency analysis.
  • To explore the utility of these methods as objective, noninvasive diagnostic adjuncts.
  • To identify systemic characteristics associated with keloid pathophysiology.

Main Methods:

  • Serum samples from 29 keloid patients were analyzed using 1H NMR.
  • Time-frequency analysis was performed using Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT).
  • Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to identify patient subgroups based on NMR data.

Main Results:

  • PC1 scores from PCA suggested two distinct patient subgroups.
  • These subgroups significantly differed in keloid aetiology (spontaneous vs. traumatic).
  • Differences in Japan Scar Workshop Scar Scale (JSS) scores supported the biological relevance of subgroup separation.

Conclusions:

  • Serum NMR time-frequency features capture systemic characteristics relevant to keloid pathophysiology.
  • This approach may serve as a noninvasive adjunct to clinical assessment for keloids.
  • Findings lay the foundation for objective patient stratification and precision-guided keloid treatment strategies.