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Related Concept Videos

Physiological Control of Respiration01:23

Physiological Control of Respiration

Introduction
Breathing, a seemingly passive process, is regulated by the respiratory center in the brainstem. This center coordinates the involuntary control of respirations, which means it occurs without conscious effort, ensuring a smooth and uninterrupted pattern.
Regulation of Ventilation
The body maintains ventilation by monitoring levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in the arterial blood. Among these factors, the level of CO2 plays a crucial...
Brainstem01:19

Brainstem

The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
The Midbrain
The midbrain is located beneath the diencephalon and connects the cerebrum with the lower parts of the brain. The cerebral peduncles are prominent midbrain structures that house the...
Brainstem: Control Centers of Medulla01:21

Brainstem: Control Centers of Medulla

The medulla oblongata is a crucial part of the brainstem responsible for controlling various autonomic and involuntary functions. It contains several nuclei, including the olivary, cuneate, gracile, and solitary nuclei.
Olivary Nucleus
The olivary nucleus, or inferior olivary nucleus, is located within the ventrolateral part of the medulla oblongata. It is primarily involved in motor coordination and motor learning. The olivary nucleus receives input from the spinal cord, cerebellum, and motor...
Conduction System of the Heart01:19

Conduction System of the Heart

Autorhythmicity is a term that refers to the heart's inherent ability to generate electrical signals and instigate muscle contractions. This self-regulating conduction system within the heart consists of two key components: the pacemaker cells and specialized conducting cells.
The pacemaker cells are located in two primary nodes: the sinoatrial (SA) node and the atrioventricular (AV) node. The SA node pacemaker cells can autonomously depolarize, triggering an action potential that leads to the...
Regulation of Heart Rates01:31

Regulation of Heart Rates

The regulation of heart rate is a complex process controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS), hormonal influences, and intrinsic cardiac mechanisms. The ANS has two main components: the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS).
The SNS increases heart rate through the release of norepinephrine and epinephrine, which act on beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart. This action increases the rate of depolarization in the sinoatrial (SA) node, the heart's...
Neural Regulation of Blood Pressure01:18

Neural Regulation of Blood Pressure

The neural regulation of blood pressure involves intricate interactions between the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and cardiovascular system, ensuring adequate perfusion of tissues. This regulation primarily occurs through baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes, involving both short-term and long-term mechanisms.
Baroreceptor Reflex
Baroreceptors, located in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch, detect changes in blood pressure. When blood pressure rises, these stretch-sensitive receptors...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Programmed Electrical Stimulation in Mice
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Using subcutaneous nerve stimulation to control atrial fibrillation.

Peng-Sheng Chen1, Xiao Liu1, Tiffany G Perry2

  • 1Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Health Sciences University, Los Angeles, California.

Heart Rhythm O2
|February 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Subcutaneous nerve stimulation (ScNS) did not reduce atrial fibrillation (AF) burden in a 2-week trial. However, the ScNS group showed a slower increase in AF burden over time compared to the sham group.

Keywords:
Apple WatchAtrial fibrillation burdenInvestigational device exemptionQuality-of-lifeSkin sympathetic nerve activity

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Neuromodulation
  • Clinical Trials

Background:

  • Subcutaneous nerve stimulation (ScNS) has shown potential in reducing atrial arrhythmia in canine models.
  • Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) remains a significant clinical challenge, necessitating novel therapeutic approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of ScNS in reducing the burden of paroxysmal AF through a randomized, sham-controlled clinical trial.
  • To test the hypothesis that ScNS can decrease AF burden in patients with drug-resistant symptomatic paroxysmal AF.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized, sham-controlled trial involving patients with drug-resistant symptomatic paroxysmal AF.
  • Participants received either ScNS (10 Hz, 3.5 mA, 20s on/1 min off) or a sham procedure for 2 weeks.
  • Atrial fibrillation burden was assessed using ePatch recordings.

Main Results:

  • No significant difference in AF burden reduction was observed between the ScNS and sham groups at week 1 (P = .8102).
  • The proportion of AF-free patients was 16.7% in both groups (P = 1.000).
  • While overall AF burden did not significantly decrease, the ScNS group exhibited a slower increase in %AF burden over time (P = .027 for group and time interaction).
  • Ventricular rate during AF was faster in the ScNS group by week 3 (P = .026).

Conclusions:

  • Two weeks of ScNS did not effectively reduce AF burden or control ventricular rate in patients with paroxysmal AF.
  • A trend suggests ScNS may slow the progression of AF burden over time.
  • Further research is warranted to explore the long-term effects and optimal parameters for ScNS in AF management.