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P-N junction

P-N junction

A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 26, 2026

Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance

Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance

Published on: February 27, 2017

Interface-Enriched Fluorinated Covalent Organic Framework Enables Stable, High-Performance n-i-p Perovskite Solar

Mengran Ma¹, Kaiming Liu², Yege Jing¹

¹Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, P. R. China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|February 24, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A new strategy uses a covalent organic framework (COF) to reinforce the buried interface in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). This improves efficiency and long-term stability, addressing key challenges in PSC technology.

Keywords:

covalent organic frameworks crystallization control interface engineering ion migration suppression perovskite solar cells

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Last Updated: Feb 26, 2026

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Published on: February 3, 2021

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Photovoltaics
Nanotechnology

Background:

The buried interfacial integrity is a critical limitation for perovskite solar cell (PSC) efficiency and stability.
Current surface modification methods can worsen interfacial vulnerabilities by introducing discontinuities.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop an in situ buried-interface modification strategy for PSCs.
To enhance the SnO2/perovskite interface using a functionalized covalent organic framework (COF).

Main Methods:

Grafting a fully conjugated COF with polyfluoroalkyl side chains.
Utilizing dipolar interactions during perovskite crystallization to drive COF to the buried interface.
Forming a robust COF interlayer at the SnO2/perovskite interface.

Main Results:

The COF interlayer created a graded energy landscape, improving charge extraction.
Facet-selective interactions guided oriented perovskite grain growth.
Interfacial defects and halide migration were suppressed, enhancing carrier transport.
Achieved a power conversion efficiency of 26.24% and retained 86% efficiency after 2000 hours.

Conclusions:

The in situ COF modification strategy effectively reinforces the buried interface in PSCs.
This approach leads to high efficiency and remarkable long-term operational stability.
The study presents a new materials paradigm for scalable and stable perovskite photovoltaics.