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Batteries and Fuel Cells03:12

Batteries and Fuel Cells

A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...

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Construction and Testing of Coin Cells of Lithium Ion Batteries
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Efficient Direct Recycling Strategy of Spent LiFePO4 Cathodes by Structural Defect Repair and Interface Construction.

Meng Li1, Ziwen Ying1, Zhiyuan Zeng1

  • 1The Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|February 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recycling retired lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries is crucial. A green method using citric acid and urea repairs defects and adds a nitrogen-doped carbon layer, enhancing performance and enabling sustainable recovery.

Keywords:
N‐doped carbon layerdirect regenerationgreen reagentlow‐temperature spontaneous defect repairspent LiFePO4

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Sustainable Chemistry

Background:

  • Retired lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries pose environmental challenges, necessitating efficient recycling.
  • Key failure mechanisms include lithium loss and Fe(III) phase formation, degrading battery performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an economical and environmentally friendly recycling method for LiFePO4 batteries.
  • To repair structural defects and enhance the electrochemical performance of regenerated LiFePO4 (R-LFP).

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a synergistic approach with citric acid (CA) and urea (UR) for low-temperature defect repair.
  • CA created a reductive environment to reduce Fe(III) to Fe(II), eliminating Li-Fe anti-site defects.
  • UR provided nitrogen for N-doping of the carbon layer on R-LFP particles, improving conductivity.

Main Results:

  • The N-doped carbon layer significantly enhanced electronic conductivity and lithium-ion migration in R-LFP.
  • Strengthened Fe-O and P-O bonds improved the structural stability of R-LFP.
  • R-LFP delivered 163 mAh/g at 0.1C and retained 93.5% capacity after 500 cycles at 1C.

Conclusions:

  • The CA-UR synergistic recycling strategy offers an effective solution for repairing LiFePO4 battery defects.
  • This method successfully regenerates LiFePO4 with improved structural integrity and superior electrochemical performance.
  • The approach presents a promising, sustainable pathway for lithium-ion battery recycling.