Updated: Feb 26, 2026

The Role of Indocyanine Green Fluorescence in Complex Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Navigation
Published on: January 31, 2025
Jens Schwarz1, Charlotte Reithmann1, Martin Rothe1
1Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic, and Endocrine Surgery, Klinikum Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.
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A low conversion rate (2.0%) in laparoscopic cholecystectomy, combined with a low bile duct injury rate (0.26%), indicates high surgical quality. Identifying risk factors for conversion is key to improving outcomes.
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