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Updated: Jun 20, 2026
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy with Indocyanine Green Fluorescence: Choledochoscopic Stone Extraction and Primary Duct Suture
Published on: November 25, 2025
Selective intraoperative cholangiography: A retrospective single-centre analysis compared with national data and
Jens Schwarz1, C Reithmann2, M Rothe2
1Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic and Endocrine Surgery, Garmisch-Partenkirchen Hospital, Auenstraße 6, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. jens.schwarz@klinikum-gap.de.
Purpose:
Intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) can assist in visualising the biliary anatomy during laparoscopic cholecystectomy, particularly in cases with unclear anatomical conditions, and may thereby help to prevent complications such as bile duct injury. Despite its potential relevance, the method is infrequently used in many hospitals and is often not included in surgical training curricula. The aim of this study was to quantify the selective, on-demand use of IOC in a specialised visceral surgery centre, compare local data with national statistics, and interpret the findings in the context of international recommendations on surgical safety and education.
Materials And Methods:
In this retrospective analysis, all cholecystectomies performed at a visceral surgery centre between July 2015 and June 2023 were evaluated regarding the use and indications for IOC. In addition, national data from the Federal Statistical Office (2015-2021) were analysed to assess nationwide trends. The results were further interpreted in light of international literature and Delphi consensus statements on safe cholecystectomy.
Results:
Of a total of 1,313 cholecystectomies, IOC was performed in 34 cases (2.6%), mainly to clarify biliary anatomy. The conversion rate in the centre was 1.4%, and the incidence of major bile duct injuries (≥ Neuhaus type B[1]) was 0.07%. On the national level, the utilisation of IOC showed a decreasing trend over the observation period.
Conclusion:
On-demand intraoperative cholangiography is a safe and well-established technique that can facilitate anatomical orientation in selected difficult cases. The present single-centre data suggest that it can be integrated into clinical practice as an intraoperative problem-solving tool. Despite clear international recommendations and high appraisal in methodological consensus processes, its use remains limited in clinical practice and insufficiently represented in surgical training. Given the continued relevance of bile duct injuries, systematic integration of selective IOC into surgical education programmes appears warranted.