[CSF rhinorrhea]

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea is a rare but serious medical condition that occurs when there is a skull base defect. This connection between the sinonasal tract and the central nervous system may result in infectious and neurological complications. Most cases are traumatic. Others include paranasal sinus disease, surgical procedures, osteomyelitis of the skull base, and tumors. Around 3-4% of cases are spontaneous (idiopathic) and are associated with elevated intracranial pressure. Patients usually complain of a unilateral, clear discharge through the nose. The leak may only be evident when leaning forward or during the Valsalva maneuver. The diagnosis may be confused with allergic or vasomotor rhinitis. The beta-2 transferrin test is highly sensitive and specific. A positive test confirms the presence of CSF intranasally. High-resolution CT or MRI is required to identify the CSF leak site accurately. CT or MRI cisternography may also be used in more challenging cases. Conservative management may be initially advocated due to the high likelihood of spontaneous resolution, especially in trauma cases. The conservative approach includes bed rest for 7-10 days with head elevation to 15-30 degrees and avoiding activities that raise the intracranial pressure, such as nose blowing, coughing, and sneezing with a closed mouth. A lumbar drain or Acetazolamide may provide an additional benefit in lowering the intracranial pressure. The use of prophylactic antibiotics is controversial. Failure of CSF fistula closure with conservative measures requires surgical closure of the defect. Endoscopic repair is the preferred method, providing a high success rate with less morbidity than traditional intracranial surgical approaches. Managing CSF fistulae requires a multidisciplinary approach, and selecting the appropriate surgical technique should be individualized.