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Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

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A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared....
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π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview01:27

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

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An applied magnetic field causes loosely bound π-electrons in organic molecules to circulate, producing a local or induced diamagnetic field over a large spatial volume. As the molecules tumble in solution, the field generated by π-electrons in spherical substituents results in a zero net field. However, the net field generated by π-electrons in non-spherical substituents is not zero. The effect of this induced field depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to B0,...
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Organic molecules primarily contain carbon and hydrogen atoms. While all the hydrogen isotopes are NMR-active, protium or hydrogen-1 is the most abundant. It has a significant energy separation between its nuclear spin states due to its large gyromagnetic ratio. As per Boltzmann's distribution, an increase in the energy separation implies a greater excess population of nuclei available for excitation, resulting in a strong NMR absorption signal.
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sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

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Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
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Engineering Dynamic Proton "Hubs" in Hydrogen-Bonded Frameworks for Superprotonic Conductivity.

Yilin Luo1, Yi Su1, Xiaojun Ding2

  • 1Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|February 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers engineered dynamic proton hubs in hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) to mimic biological proton conduction. This strategy achieved highly competitive proton conductivity in a novel ammonium-sulfonate HOF material.

Keywords:
Grotthuss hoppinghydrogen‐bonded organic frameworksproton conductionsupramolecular secondary building unitsvehicular transport

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Mimicking biological proton conduction in synthetic materials is challenging.
  • Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) offer potential for proton transport applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer dynamic proton "hubs" within HOFs for enhanced proton conduction.
  • To investigate the mechanism of synergistic proton transport in these engineered frameworks.

Main Methods:

  • Design and synthesis of ammonium-sulfonate HOFs (BPDS_NH4) incorporating supramolecular secondary building units (SSBUs) as proton hubs.
  • Proton conductivity measurements under varying temperature and humidity.
  • Activation energy analysis and H/D isotope effect studies to elucidate transport mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • The synthesized ammonium-sulfonate HOF, BPDS_NH4, achieved a proton conductivity of 0.21 S cm⁻¹ at 90°C and 90% RH.
  • Proton hubs facilitate synergistic vehicular transport and Grotthuss hopping.
  • Experimental evidence supports the coupled nature of these transport mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • The construction of supramolecular proton hubs is a viable strategy for designing advanced proton-conducting materials.
  • This approach offers a blueprint for mimicking synergistic proton conduction found in biological systems.
  • The engineered HOFs show promise for applications requiring efficient proton transport.