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Updated: Feb 26, 2026

Chronic Post-Ischemia Pain Model for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type-I in Rats
Published on: January 21, 2020
Diagnosis, Pathology, and Management of Pain in the Ischemic Hand: A Comprehensive Review
Ellis Berns1, Thompson Zhuang1, Anna H Ohlsson2
1Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA.
Abstract:
Chronic limb-threatening ischemia of the upper extremity, resulting from pathologies like vasospasm, occlusion, trauma, or end-stage renal disease, is challenging to manage because of severe pain and morbidity. This review seeks to summarize the vascular anatomy of the upper extremity at risk for chronic limb-threatening ischemia, explain the pathophysiology of ischemic pain signaling, review diagnostic testing, and explore medical and surgical pain management options, as well as introduce avenues for future research.
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