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Using Gold-standard Gait Analysis Methods to Assess Experience Effects on Lower-limb Mechanics During Moderate High-heeled Jogging and Running
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Running with an exotendon reduces compressive knee contact force.

Jon Stingel1, Nicos Haralabidis2, Jennifer Hicks2

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford 94305, USA.

Journal of Biomechanics
|February 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Running with an exotendon, a spring device, reduces running's energetic cost. It also significantly lowers peak knee compressive forces by reducing quadriceps muscle load.

Keywords:
Assistive devicesContact forceJoint loadingMusculoskeletal simulationRunning biomechanics

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Human Movement Science
  • Sports Engineering

Background:

  • Exotendons are designed to reduce the energetic cost of running by coupling the legs.
  • The impact of exotendon use on joint contact forces, particularly in the lower extremities, remains largely uninvestigated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if using an exotendon affects hip, knee, and ankle joint contact forces during running.
  • To quantify changes in compressive and shear forces at these joints.

Main Methods:

  • Muscle-driven simulations were employed using experimental data from seven participants.
  • Simulations analyzed running at 2.7 m/s with and without an attached exotendon.
  • Compressive and shear contact forces at the hip, knee, and ankle were computed.

Main Results:

  • Running with an exotendon resulted in an 8.4% reduction in peak knee compressive contact force.
  • This reduction was primarily attributed to decreased forces in the quadriceps muscles.
  • No significant changes were observed in peak hip or ankle joint contact forces (compressive or shear).

Conclusions:

  • The exotendon, while not designed for this purpose, can reduce peak knee compressive forces during running.
  • The device alters gait mechanics to decrease both energetic cost and knee joint loading.
  • Further research could explore optimizing exotendon design for joint force mitigation.